Bussiness ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bussiness ethics - Research Paper Example a type of moral relativism. Likewise, a further level of distance will be sought from the point of view that morality is ultimately immutable and constant; i.e. a type of moral absolutism. In this way, a type of combination approach in which some aspects of ethics and morality are unchanging and others are informed as a result of the situation and the times; i.e. a type of moral objectivism. For purposes of this response, normative morality will be considered as the ethical action and descriptive morality will be defined as the way in which morality and ethics are understood within the constraints of individual beliefs. a. Businesses can have ethical standards, but Businesses are not moral agents. Do you agree or disagree? With regards to businesses not being moral agents, this is a statement that this author patently disagrees with. A moral agent is merely an entity that through proper application of moral behavior and ethical decisions is able to project these forces onto the envir onment within which they ultimately interact or operate within. As such, a business has the strong possibility, even perhaps the requirement, of being a moral agent within the community and/or environment within which they operate. b. Is it true that the â€Å"bottom line† of business is profit and profit alone? Likewise, with respect to the statement above, it is the belief of this author, supported by the proof of many unethical businesses that have risen and fallen within the past, that the ultimate bottom line cannot entirely rest upon profitability. The fact of the matter is that the entropy of the business world means that firms must continually fight not only for profits but for market share and customers within the system. As such, seeking to focus upon a bottom line that only cares about profit will necessarily yield to a failed business due to the fact that ethics, morality, and other key human and social concerns will not be considered; thereby ultimately affecting the performance of the firm and/or the way it is viewed within the marketplace. c. In business, are there other less tangible goals that are intrinsic to and just as important as making money? The intangible goals such as providing humane and ethical conditions of employment as well as the end product or service to the customer is more important if not more than the intrinsic goal of making money. In the short term, such a plan may work to provide a level of business continuation; however, the other aspects of a business model or plan will ultimately make or break the longevity of the firm/enterprise/organization. d. Why should we be moral as individuals? Ultimately, morality as an individual comes down to seeking to maximize the good that exists in the world. Although making moral decisions can oftentimes be difficult, a moral choice is the one that best upholds the needs of the individual as well as the needs of greater society. In this way, seeking to behave in an ethically resp onsible manner as well as morally will ensure that the greater good within each and every situation is attempted to be maximized. Rather than merely seeking to further our own ends (i.e. a type of utilitarianism), the ultimate goal should be to further our ow

Theories Of Ethical And Pshchological Egoism Essay Example for Free

Theories Of Ethical And Pshchological Egoism Essay Many feel that human nature drives people to deny all forms of altruism and the desire to help others; while an equal amount feels that it is the duty of every human to help others at all costs.   Because there is no way to really decide such a subjective argument, it seems personal preference is the best way to dictate such action.   The alternatives to such altruistic action are egoism, as described through ethical and psychological egoism. These options counter the utilitarian approach, which many find the preferable way for humans to act, and the greatest good for the greatest number of people should be in mind for every action a person makes.    However, the utilitarian approach often leaves open-ended questions on just how much help the fortunate should give to those who are not.   That is why the best approach is through ethical egoism, as if everyone looked out for his or her best interests, ideally, everyone would be able to support themselves and those for whom they care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While utilitarianism seems to be an ideal way to exist, it leaves too many questions about morality and the limits of altruism.   Egoism is much more natural, as it fosters the will to survive with a distinct rationalism.   The distinction between psychological egoism and ethical egoism reflects the contrast of is verses ought, fact verses value, or descriptive verses prescriptive (Philosophy Lander, 2006). In layman’s terms, this means that ethical egoism is based on the idea that individuals should do only what is in his or her self-interest to achieve morality, while psychological egoism accepts the fact that all people act in their self-interests anyway, despite any appearance to the contrary.   This expresses the difference between the descriptive nature of psychological egoism and the prescriptive nature of ethical egoism, with the former stating humans do things in their own best interests, while the latter states that humans merely should do things in their best interest (Lycan, 2001). To a psychological egoist, human nature is being wholly self-centered and self-motivated, which basically renders all morality useless (Moseley, 2006).   To an ethical egoist, morality is still pertinent and there are strong and weak types of the theory, with the strong version holding it is always moral to promote one’s own good, and it is never moral not to promote it, while the weak version states although it is always moral to promote one’s own good, it is not necessarily never moral to not (Moseley, 2006).   The weak version allows that there may be situations where pursuit of self-interest is not the most important thing and may actually be contrary to the best interests of an individual when concerning morality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The difference between psychological and ethical egoism cannot be fully understood without knowing the fallacy that exists with psychological egoism.   The fallacy is that people are always motivated by self-interest, when there may be a great variety of motivating factors affecting their decisions, especially emotions.   The concept of motivation has a great deal to do with each theory, as psychological egoism is motivated by individual selfishness, while ethical egoism is motivated by the idea that one must do what is right, even if against self-interests. Because of this, one can commit an altruistic act with ethical egoism, however, with psychological egoism altruism is impossible unless simultaneously serving the interest of the individual as well.   Selfishness and self-interest, while containing some similar attributes, are very different, in that selfishness focuses solely on the needs of the individual, while self-interest merely seeks advantageous circumstances to ensure success. Ethical egoism is a philosophical practice that encourages individuals to pursue their own self-interests.   While it is idealistic to think of helping unknown masses with one’s own hard earned money, it is also naà ¯ve to think that people should feel obligated to do so.   A person who works hard to make money to buy fine things is entitled to those things.   Just because a person is successful and can afford luxury items does not mean that they are obligated to help strangers because it serves some sort of utilitarian purpose. If anything, much of this altruism merely perpetuates a cycle in which those who are poor become accustomed to the aid of those who are not.   If they pursued their own self-interests, they would be better able to rise above their own struggles and create a successful world for themselves. Ethical egoism is not entirely without the concept of helping others, however it focuses not on people that an individual will never meet, but the people in his or her life and those that the person loves and touches personally.   Psychological egoism lacks the fundamental questions of morality to begin with, and helping others is only necessary if it benefits the helper.   While it is difficult to claim that either type of egoism is correct, or even preferable to a utilitarian approach, it allows individuals to remain independent and free of all illusions. REFERENCES Lycan, W. (2001). Morality. University of North Carolina. Retrieved April 26, 2008, from http://www.unc.edu/~ujanel/Morality.htm Moseley, A. (2006). Egoism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/egoism.htm#SH2b Philosophy Lander. (2006). Psychological Egoism. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://philosophy.lander.edu/ethics/egoism.html

Using Our Fears to Curtail Our Liberties :: Free Essays

The danger we face today in this country is not that government officials will make hasty and rash decisions out of fear. It is that they will use a national crisis as an opportunity to make themselves more powerful and less accountable for what they do in regards to our civil liberties and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. They realise that in times of great distress and anxiety the general mass of the population is not going to notice these new policies that they are going to rush through congress and have signed by their president all in the name of the war on terrorism. An increasingly tyrannical tone is pervading through the Bush administration. We have seen it in the Patriot legislation act that was so hastily pushed through Congress with barely a mention anywhere in the papers. We have seen it in the President Bush’s order authorizing military tribunals for those thought to be terrorists or conspirators without traditional due process protections and without a right of appeal to anyone but our great President Bush himself. We have also seen it in new federal policies that permit eavesdropping of confidential communications between attorneys and their client’s privileged phone calls. And we have seen it in new regulations that allow the attorney general to imprison non-citizens indefinitely, even if an immigration judge has ruled that there is no evidence to justify holding them against their will. Currently there are 641 citizens and non-citizens being detained throughout our country, who have not been charged with a crime. These de tainees are being held for nothing more then their nationality. This is reminiscent of what happened to the Japanese in our country during the Second World War. If this current wave of policies is to continue, there will be no stopping the current administration and how far they are willing to go.

Compare the two soliloquies of Act 2 scene 2 Essay

In these two substantial speeches, the character of Hamlet Junior is revealed, and portrays a lot about the made-believe character’s state of mind. Shakespeare, who has shown Hamlet to be aberrant, in a sense that he makes absurd remarks which no other character seems to understand, but in actual fact has a lot of meaning in them. At the beginning of the first soliloquy, Hamlet’s self hatred is exposed and Shakespeare emphasis’s his isolation. He starts by saying, † Now I am alone† which is a cleaver use of language by Shakespeare, because it is a sort of pun. One meaning being that he is saying it literally and telling the audience he is talking to them, or he could in fact be referring to his close friends and family, trying to say that he is alone in society and doesn’t have nobody he can rely on, or trust. This is because the only people in his life he thought he could trust have let him down. Gertrude, Ophelia and most importantly Claudius sit on top of his list. Hamlet’s self-hatred is shown when he says, â€Å"o what a†¦ slave am I! † He feels like he has betrayed his father for not believing him. Shakespeare shows the audience that he has low self-esteem for not taking his much promised revenge to the spirit of Hamlet Senior. This is because he asks the ‘players’ to act out the death of his beloved father, and wait to see the reaction of Claudius. For this reason he starts to question his devotion to his father and goes on to say, â€Å"Am I a coward? At this point he has no self-belief and has very negative thoughts of himself. This is merely due to him not taking action against Claudius. All this self-hatred and negative thoughts makes the character of Hamlet seem melancholy. Shakespeare shows Hamlet’s anger towards himself, just simply as his anger for the king switched onto himself. Hamlet goes on to say, â€Å"who calls me villain†¦ plucks off my beard†¦ I should take it† (lines 567-572). This is basically the character saying that, he should accept all the insults thrown at him, because he deserves it for being a â€Å"coward†. This makes the audience feel sorrow towards him and pity him. Shakespeare here has made Hamlet in the space of a few lines switch from sorrow to anger towards himself, because afterwards he goes on to say â€Å"†¦ but I am pigeon-liver’d†, which is a person who is scared, this shows how much anger he has towards himself. He then goes onto taking the anger towards himself and turning it on his uncle. He refers to Claudius as â€Å"remorseless treacherous lecherous kindless villain†. Here Shakespeare releases Hamlet’s fury and rage by using curse words towards Claudius. This also shows that Gertrude and Claudius’ marriage frustrates him, and is a way for him to get it all off his chest. Before he unleashes his fury, his mind is suffocating as he has too much to keep to himself. Because as he releases all of his fury instantly he comes up with a plan and he starts to think straight. Shakespeare makes Hamlet end his soliloquy with two excellent lines as they rounds up the whole soliloquy; â€Å"the plays the thing, wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the King. † This explains his idea because if the King’s guilt shows he’ll have more proof, and is also a positive sign as he starts to get a more stable state of mind. Also the last two lines are rhyming couplets and this is a technique used a lot by Shakespeare, as it is a sort of cue point for the actors and is used on long speeches. The second soliloquy Hamlet starts to question his existence. He again has a negative insight of himself, â€Å"to be, or not to be†. This is Shakespeare making Hamlet question his existence. It relates to the theme of seeming and being. Where Hamlet is asking himself if there is any point of him existing. This seems to be the case when Claudius and Polonius are spying on him. But when scrutinized it could be that Hamlet knows of the spying and is saying this just to confuse Claudius and Polonius more. This is very cleaver because although it seems like he is mad he is in actual fact not. This shows a lot about his state of mind because if he was still in denial and not thinking straight he would not be able to cleverly confuse Claudius and Polonius. Hamlet carries on talking about the theme of death and although he has got a lot of his problems off his chest he still is not totally focused and still has problems. He talks of taking â€Å"arms against a sea of troubles† which is an excellent metaphor used by Shakespeare as it gives the audience a picture in their minds. This basically means that problems are never ending and will go on forever. Hamlet is questioning weather one should take on all their troubles or just give up and die. Although Hamlet’s state of mind seems to be unstable it is actual fact at its best as he manages to make Claudius believe he is mad by talking of if he should die or not. Shakespeare makes Hamlet talk of this to deceive Claudius and although it seems like this is the only reason, it also refers to his life. Hamlet says, â€Å"†¦ what dreams may come† which means that if people knew what the afterlife was like would they suffer the â€Å"whips and scorns of time. † This is an excellent metaphor as it describes life by referring to time as being able to whip and having scorns. This builds up a strong image in the audience’s head of a bad perception of life. This shows Hamlet’s intelligence and strong state of mind as he manages to express his feelings as well as making Claudius think he is mad. In conclusion Hamlet in the first soliloquy was emotionally unstable. Shakespeare has portrayed him like this to make the audience feel sorrow towards him. But towards the end of the speech he gets an idea after expressing his feelings aloud clearing his head, which allowed him to think straight. In the second soliloquy Hamlet’s state of mind is still a bit unstable because although he has expressed his feelings he still has the problem of Claudius to deal with. He felt a lot of self-hatred and anger and didn’t know who to focus it on.

Review of “Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON”

Review of â€Å" Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON † Introduction In order to get by with theexplosive growing of informations communications, the wavelength division multiplexing inactive optical web ( WDM-PON ) has been extensively investigated as one of the cardinal engineerings for next-generation entree web. This critical reappraisal examines an article that proposes a simple method to better the receiving system public presentation for the WDM-PON based on a wavelength-locked Fabry–Perot optical maser rectifying tube ( F-P LD ) with an injected spectrum-sliced amplified self-generated emanation ( ASE ) visible radiation. The article, â€Å"Decision Threshold Control Method for the Optical Receiver of a WDM-PON, † foremost proposed and demonstrated a simple determination control method to set the determination threshold linearly harmonizing to the detected mean power. The writers successfully demonstrated the receiving system public presentation betterment at 1.25 Gb/s transmittal in back-to-back system with the proposed method. Drumhead First, the writers illustrated the noise features of the wavelength-locked F-P LD with simulation consequences. Since the spectrum-sliced injected ASE induces an ASE-ASE whipping noise, the ‘1 ‘ degree noise is much larger than the noise in ‘0 ‘ degree. Therefore, the optimal determination threshold degree lessenings with increasing norm received power and seting the determination threshold linearly with standard power could better the receiving system public presentation. Then the writers demonstrated the determination threshold control circuit, which consists of a conventional receiving system portion, a power monitoring portion and a determination threshold control portion. Harmonizing to the simulation consequences, the determination threshold of the proposed method is a liner estimate of the optimum determination threshold for the worst instance. Third, the writers compared the receiving system public presentation with the optimum determination threshold for the worst-case, the determination threshold with the proposed determination control circuit and the determination threshold in the centre of ‘1’ degree and ‘0’ degree without determination control through simulation and experiment. As seen in the simulation and experimental consequences, the determination control circuit could better the receiving system public presentation dramatically and eliminated the mistake floor in the conventional receiving system. Furthermore, the writers simulated the optimum determination threshold as a map of extinction ratio ( ER ) relative strength noise ( RIN ) . The consequences shows that the ( 1 ) with fixed RIN ( -111 dB/Hz ) optimum determination threshold addition as the ER lessenings due to the decreased ‘1’ degree and ( 2 ) with the fixed ER ( 10 dubnium ) optimum determination threshold decreases with the increasing RIN due to the increased whipping noise. Furthermore, the writers measured the power punishment as a map of the signal conditions ( ER and RIN ) compared with the mention signal status ( 10-dB ER and -111dB/Hz RIN ) at 10-10BER by simulation and experiment. The consequences indicates that with a power punishment less than 1 dubnium, the proposed receiving system could run when the RIN & A ; lt ; -109 dB/Hz and ER & A ; gt ; 8.7 dubnium for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal. Then the writers demonstrated the proposed method in WDM-PON application through the transmittal of five channels over 20-km standard single-mode fibre ( SSMF ) . Unlike the conventional receiving system, with the determination threshold control circuit all of these five channels exhibit error-free transmittal. And the sensitiveness difference between five channels is less than 0.8 dubnium. Finally, the writers besides simulated the optimum determination threshold and the power punishment as a map of ER/RIN for 10-Gb/s transmittal with the premise that the RIN could be reduced every bit low as -120 dB/Hz through noise suppression. Reviews Strengths: ( 1 ) Compared with the old determination control method [ 1 ] – [ 2 ] , the proposed determination control method is more simple and cost-efficient for WDM-PON applications. In the proposed method, the receiving system merely consists of three parts: a conventional receiving system, a power proctor and a determination threshold accountant. The conventional receiving system is composed of a PIN photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier ( TIA ) , a restricting amplifier ( LA ) , and clock and informations recovery ( CDR ) . A opposition ( R ) is operated as the power proctor. And the determination threshold accountant comprises an adder, a dc electromotive force control circuit ( VC ) , an electrical linear amplifier ( K ) , and a low-pass filter ( LPF ) . On the contrary, the old determination control methods [ 1 ] – [ 2 ] based monitoring oculus gap or information correlativity. Thus the old methods require digital processing faculty, precise addition and stage matching, which increases the receiving system complexness and cost. Based on the merely receiving system, the writers successfully eliminated the mistake floor in conventional receiving system for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal over 20-km SSMF. ( 2 ) This proposed determination control method is robust to temperature discrepancy. The writers measured the BER curves of 1.25-Gb/s transmittal over 20-km SSMF for the worst instance ( the injection wavelength aligned at the centre of two neighborhood F-P LD lasing wavelength, highest RIN ) at 45 oC and the best instance ( the injection wavelength aligned to an F-P LD lasing wavelength, lowest RIN ) at 48OC. Fig. 5 in this paper shows that with the proposed determination method the sensitiveness difference between the worst instance and best instance is less than 0.6 dubnium for BER & A ; gt ; 10-13. Since temperature could bring on wavelength impetus of the F-P LD and changes the whipping noise distribution [ 3 ] , this proposed determination control method could extenuate the temperature induced power punishment [ 4 ] . ( 3 ) Since proposed method is executable for a broad signal conditions, the proposed determination control method is practical. The writers demonstrated the power punishment as a map of ER and RIN for BER bing 10-10in Fig. 7. With a power punishment less than 1 dubnium, the proposed receiving system could run when the RIN & A ; lt ; -109 dB/Hz and ER & A ; gt ; 8.7 dubnium for 1.25-Gb/s transmittal. After 20-km transmittal the RIN and ER of signal merely changes to -110.8 and 9.7 dubnium, severally. Therefore after 20-km transmittal, the power punishment is less than 0.3 dubniums compared with the back-to-back system. In practical execution, the proposed determination threshold method is working under a fixed electromotive force mention ( VReferee) of expected power degree to foretell the threshold degree and the input power depends on variable length SSMF. However, due to the border of signal conditions as confirmed in this paper, the proposed determination threshold control method could run in practical applications. ( 4 ) The writers confirmed the feasibleness of proposed determination threshold control circuit in WDM-PON applications through the 51.25-Gb/s transmittal, which has 100-GHz channel spacing, over 20-km SSMF. In the conventional receiving system there exists an mistake floor ( BER & A ; gt ; 10-7) ; on the contrary, these five channels with proposed receiving system could convey with BER lower than 10-14. The sensitiveness difference of these five channels is less than 0.8 dubnium. Failing: ( 1 ) The writers illustrated the feasibleness of the proposed method in high informations rate ( 10 Gb/s ) transmittal through simulation in Fig. 9 and 10. In this simulation, the writers assume the RIN could be suppressed every bit low as -120 dB/Hz by infixing an extra F-P LD [ 5 ] . In [ 5 ] , the suppression of the strength noise achieved by an extra concentrated F-P-LD [ 5 ] is similar as the noise suppression through the nonlinearities of a concentrated SOA [ 6 ] . The concentrated F-P LD induced a correlativity between different frequence constituents and the strength is good suppressed [ 6 ] .Therefore, the optical filtering and scattering could deteriorate this noise suppression due to the stage decorrelation [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] . Although utilizing the saturated F-P LD the RIN could be suppressed lower than -117.5 dB/Hz over 10-km SSMF [ 5 ] , the RIN would be deteriorated and be higher than -117 dB/Hz with the increasing transmittal distance. Furthermore, in [ 5 ] as the F- P LD operates in impregnation part, the ER of signal could be reduced from 12 dubnium to 8 dubnium for 2.5-Gb/s transmittal while the F-P LD injection power is -18 dBm. Therefore even after this noise suppression, the signal status of the 10-Gb/s transmittal is still a challenge for the determination threshold control method. Therefore in order to show the feasibleness of proposed determination control method, it is necessary to look into the 10-Gb/s transmittal public presentation by experiment. As the noise stamp downing method in [ 5 ] are sensitive to optical filtering and scattering and decreases the signal ER, we could seek to use other noise suppression method such as optical pre-filter [ 8 ] , reciprocally injected F-P LDs [ 9 ] or ultra-narrow injected ASE [ 10 ] . ( 2 ) In Fig. 8 the channel spacing of channels is 100 GHz. In the system utilizing spectrum-sliced light beginning, the signal–crosstalk round noise is dramatically reduced compared with the conventional optical maser beginning due the broad set of spectrum-sliced light beginning [ 11 ] . Thus it is possible to convey 2.5-Gb/s informations in multiple channels with 50-GHz channel spacing. 50-GHz channel spacing could duplicate the system capacity. Furthermore, as the transmittal distance additions, the increasing scattering non merely induces the inter-symbol intervention but deteriorates the noise suppression dramatically every bit good. Thus narrower spectrum-sliced visible radiation beginning could has a stronger robust to dispersion [ 10 ] . Although narrower channel spacing would deteriorate the system public presentation with intra-channel XT, we could unite with the determination threshold control circuit with the forward mistake rectification ( FEC ) codification whic h could loosen up the BER threshold to[ 12 ] . Decision This paper proposed a practical and effectual determination control method to better the receiving system public presentation. The writers demonstrated that this determination control circuit has a strong robust to temperature fluctuation and signal status devolution ( including ER decrease and RIN increasing ) . In add-on to these virtues, we could widen this undertaking by ( 1 ) Uniting the proposed threshold control method with appropriate noise-suppression method for 10-Gb/s transmittal in experiment ( 2 ) combing proposed method with FEC to convey 2.5-Gb/s signals in channels with 50-GH/z channel spacing. Mention: [ 1 ] Y. Matsumoto, T. Kuriyama, D. Inami, and M. Ohta, â€Å" An adaptative determination threshold control of the optical receiving system for multigigabit tellurian DWDM transmittal system s, † inOpticalFiber Communication Conf. and the Nat. Fiber Ocular Engineers Conf. , Anaheim, CA, 2001, paper TuR2. [ 2 ] M. Kawai, H. Watanabe, T. Ohtsuka, and K. Yamaguchi, â€Å"Smart optical receiving system with automatic determination threshold scene and retiming stage alliance, †IEEEJ. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1634–1640, Nov. 1989. [ 3 ] H.-D. Kim, S.-G. Kang, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å"A low-cost WDM beginning with an ASE injected Fabry-Perot semiconducting material optical maser, †IEEEPhoton. Technol. Lett. , vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1067–1069, Aug. 2000. [ 4 ] A. A. Al-Orainy and J. J. O’Reilly, â€Å"Optimized threshold scene for public presentation sweetening of spectrum sliced WDM systems, † in LEOS ’95.IEEE Lasers Electro-Optics Soc. 1995 Annu. Meeting. 8th Annu. Meeting. Conf. Proc. , San Francisco, CA, USA, 1995, vol. 2, pp. 63–64. [ 5 ] J.-S. Jeong and C.-H. Lee, â€Å"Optical noise suppression techniques for wavelength-locked Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tube, † in Proc. of the fifteenth Asia-Pacific Conf. on Communications, Shanghai, China, 2009, paper 142. [ 6 ] H. Kim, S. Kim, S. Hwang, and Y. Oh, â€Å"Impact of scattering, PMD, and PDL on the public presentation of spectrum-sliced incoherent visible radiation beginnings utilizing gain-saturated semiconducting material optical amplifiers, †IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 24, no.2, pp: 775-784, 2006. [ 7 ] S. Kim, J. Han, J. Lee, and C. Park, â€Å"Intensity noise suppression in spectrum-sliced incoherent light communications systems utilizing a addition concentrated semiconducting material optical amplifier, †I [ EEE Photon. Technol. Lett. , vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1042–1044, Aug. 1999. [ 8 ] K.-Y. Park, J.-S. Baik, T.-W. Oh, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å" Intensity noise suppression and 1.25 Gb/s transmittal utilizing a wave-length locked Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tube with filtered ASE injection, †Optoelectronics and Communication Conferencepp.200-201, 2004. [ 9 ] S.-H. Yoo, J.-Y. Kim, B.-Il Seo, and C.-H. Lee, â€Å" Noise-suppressed reciprocally injected Fabry-Perot optical maser rectifying tubes for 10-Gb/s broadcast signal transmittal in WDM inactive optical webs, † Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 6538-6546, 2013. [ 10 ] Z. Al-Qazwini and H. Kim, â€Å"Ultra-narrow spectrum-sliced incoherent visible radiation beginning for 10-Gb/s WDM PON, †IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. , vol. 30, no. 19, pp: 3157–3163, 2012. [ 11 ] Y. S. Jang, C. H. Lee, and Y. C. Chung, â€Å"Effects of XT in WDM systems utilizing spectrum-sliced visible radiation beginnings, † IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. , vol. 11, no. 6, pp.715–717, Jun. 1999. [ 12 ] 2004ITU-T G.975.1, Forward mistake rectification for high bit-rate DWDM pigboat systems, 2004.

We All Have the Right to Die in Dignity

We All Have the Right to Die in Dignity Do You Believe Euthanasia (Assisted Suicide) is Right? Life is quite good to some people. People all over the world every day become healthy, wealthy and wise and live very long lives with their spouses, full of experience and adventure. All in all, they live a life with little suffering, if any at all. But for some people, life is quite cruel, strife with a disease, heartbreak, hardship, bankruptcy and premature death. It’s terrible to see, hoping it would never happen to us. Not to be too depressive, but it happens too often. But don’t worry: no one makes it out alive anyway. Nonetheless, to steer the conversation forward, every single person has the right to Euthanasia – or an assisted suicide: the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. It is a very controversial issue, as it is illegal in many American states. However, a single person alive deserves to die with dignity. First of all, Euthanasia should be legalized across the board, internationally, because no one should have the right to decide if and when another person can end their life. It is up to that individual considering Euthanasia to decide. They own their life, so they’re responsible for it. And if they wish to end it, because of illness, suffering, hardship or other dire reasons, they can. Why should anyone be concerned if another wants to end their own being? It’s none of anyone else’s business. It’s Existentialism at its finest: a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. If a person’s will is to end their existence, through Euthanasia, they are born with the power to decide this fate – and if they need a doctor’s assistance for this, a doctor could legally be allowed to take a patient’s life, with the patient permitting, of course Secondly, some instances truly call for an end to the suffering, so people certainly have the right to Euthanasia. They have a right to die with dignity because living in dignity is not exactly an option for them. Picture an active 41-year-old person woman. She loves to jet ski and canoe and boat on the water, being outside in the fine weather and with family to share a holiday and fine meal. The spice of life is peppered with her waking moments, and she loves it. Then one day she is diagnosed with ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease), a motor neuron disease. It affects one’s motor skills and bodily functions  and ultimately corrodes the body and its usefulness. The famous theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking has ALS, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. But now, like Hawking, this woman cannot move, nor can she take care of cleaning herself, using the bathroom and eating. For years she has been in terrible anguish, feeling like she is a burden to every around her. She is despondent – but where she lives, in Virginia, Euthanasia is illegal. Though she wants to, she cannot end her life of suffering, even if it is her wish and will to do so. She is therefore stuck in a life that will have sourly for her, one that ended more like a living hell than a life at all. She certainly deserves assisted suicide, don’t you think? Lastly – and thankfully to conclude this argument, which is painful to expound on at length – it’s a horrendous feeling to imagine if this person were you. Would you want the power to have a doctor inject you with something to suddenly end your life, painlessly and with dignity? Why should a person be made to wait until they are pathetically decrepit, a wasted piece of humanity, to wither away like a dead flower? Every person deserves a proud, classy, peaceful and clean way to die – and they should never be forced to waiver this inalienable right. A human being deserves a humane death, and Euthanasia should never be considered a crime. If anything it’s more a beautiful, selfless gift to someone who needs an urgent end to the pain. It’s their way out of the suffering, and only the patient has the right to end their physical being and transcends this reality. Though this argument will continue for many years to come, it’s important to ha ve empathy and be active in teaching others about Euthanasia.

Free Essays on Thomas Jefferson Quotes

The American government has come a long way over the centuries. Many philosophers have influenced the government, whether or not it was directly or indirectly. Thomas Jefferson was one of the many minds that influenced the government of America today. Jefferson was one of the thinkers of the last wave of enlightenment. Jefferson can be quoted on issues dealing with the pursuit of happiness and right to life and liberty. These quotes can be taken and compared to the theory and values of enlightenment and the American government today. â€Å"â€Å"The freedom and happiness of man...[are] the sole objects of all legitimate government.† Thomas Jefferson to Thaddeus Kosciusko, 1810. ME 12:369.† The government is determined by the people; therefore the government should be concerned with the happiness of them. When the people of America aren’t happy, they have the power and right to remove those in government. This quote relates to the enlightenment theory because it concerns the freedom and happiness of man. The American government and the enlightenment theory come together in this quote because it is said that the people of America run the government and in order for them to do so they have to make decisions that come from reason. Reason plays the biggest role in the enlightenment theory. To me this quote means that in order to have a legitimate government the people have to be or feel free and be happy with what is taken place in the American government. â€Å"â€Å"I sincerely pray that all the members of the human family may, in the time prescribed by the Father of us all, find themselves securely established in the enjoyment of life, liberty, and happiness.† Thomas Jefferson: Reply to Ellicot Thomas, et al., 1807. ME 16:290† The American government can make the people unhappy and fell like their life and liberty has been taken from them. Life, liberty and happiness are three concepts that have to do with the enlightenment theor... Free Essays on Thomas Jefferson Quotes Free Essays on Thomas Jefferson Quotes The American government has come a long way over the centuries. Many philosophers have influenced the government, whether or not it was directly or indirectly. Thomas Jefferson was one of the many minds that influenced the government of America today. Jefferson was one of the thinkers of the last wave of enlightenment. Jefferson can be quoted on issues dealing with the pursuit of happiness and right to life and liberty. These quotes can be taken and compared to the theory and values of enlightenment and the American government today. â€Å"â€Å"The freedom and happiness of man...[are] the sole objects of all legitimate government.† Thomas Jefferson to Thaddeus Kosciusko, 1810. ME 12:369.† The government is determined by the people; therefore the government should be concerned with the happiness of them. When the people of America aren’t happy, they have the power and right to remove those in government. This quote relates to the enlightenment theory because it concerns the freedom and happiness of man. The American government and the enlightenment theory come together in this quote because it is said that the people of America run the government and in order for them to do so they have to make decisions that come from reason. Reason plays the biggest role in the enlightenment theory. To me this quote means that in order to have a legitimate government the people have to be or feel free and be happy with what is taken place in the American government. â€Å"â€Å"I sincerely pray that all the members of the human family may, in the time prescribed by the Father of us all, find themselves securely established in the enjoyment of life, liberty, and happiness.† Thomas Jefferson: Reply to Ellicot Thomas, et al., 1807. ME 16:290† The American government can make the people unhappy and fell like their life and liberty has been taken from them. Life, liberty and happiness are three concepts that have to do with the enlightenment theor...

Historical SAT Test Dates for 2014, 2013 and More

Historical SAT Test Dates for 2014, 2013 and More SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Historical test dates for the SAT are important for many accurate records. However, the College Board at this point doesn't maintain an easy database of SAT dates for 2014, 2013, 2012, 20, and so forth. We at PrepScholar have done the hard work to dig up the old records. See below! Note: if you are looking for future SAT test dates instead, look here! School Year of 2014-2015 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct , 2014 Sep 12, 2014 Sep 26, 2014 Nov 1, 2014 Oct 3, 2014 Oct 17, 2014 Dec 6, 2014 Nov 7, 2014 Nov 21, 2014 Jan 24, 2015 Dec 26, 2014 Jan 9, 2015 Mar 7, 2015 Feb 6, 2015 Feb 20, 2015 May 2, 2015 Apr 3, 2015 Apr 17, 2015 Jun 6, 2015 May 8, 2015 May 22, 2015 School Year of 2013-2014 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 5, 2013 Sep 6, 2013 Sep 20, 2013 Nov 2, 2013 Oct 4, 2013 Oct 18, 2013 Dec 7, 2013 Nov 8, 2013 Nov 22, 2013 Jan 25, 2014 Dec 27, 2013 Jan 10, 2014 Mar 8, 2014 Feb 7, 2014 Feb 21, 2014 May 3, 2014 Apr 4, 2014 Apr 18, 2014 Jun 7, 2014 May 9, 2014 May 23, 2014 More Years Below! Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful information with our Free SAT ebook! School Year of 2012-2013 The source for this year was Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 6, 2012 Sep 7, 2012 Sep 21, 2012 Nov 3, 2012 Oct 4, 2012 Oct 19, 2012 Dec 1, 2012 Nov 1, 2012 Nov 16, 2012 Jan 26, 2013 Dec 28, 2012 Jan , 2013 Mar 9, 2013 Feb 8, 2013 Feb 22, 2013 May 4, 2013 Apr 5, 2013 Apr 19, 2013 Jun 1, 2013 May 2, 2013 May 17, 2013 School Year of 20-2012 The source for this year was a trusted institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 1, 20 Sep 9, 20 Sep 21, 20 Nov 5, 20 Oct 7, 20 Oct 21, 20 Dec 3, 20 Nov 8, 20 Nov 20, 20 Jan 28, 2012 Dec 30, 2012 Jan 13, 2012 Mar 10, 2012 Feb 10, 2012 Feb 24, 2012 May 5, 2012 Apr 6, 2012 Apr 20, 2012 Jun 2, 2012 May 8, 2012 May 22, 2012 School Year of 2010-20 The source for this year was a trusted institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 9, 2010 Sep 10, 2010 Sep 24, 2010 Nov 6, 2010 Oct 8, 2010 Oct 22, 2010 Dec 4, 2010 Nov 5, 2010 Nov 19, 2010 Jan 22, 20 Dec 23, 20 Jan 7, 20 Mar 12, 20 Feb , 20 Feb 25, 20 May 7, 20 Apr 8, 20 Apr 22, 20 Jun 4, 20 May 6, 20 May 20, 20 School Year of 2009-2010 The source for this year was a trusted secondary school institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 10, 2009 Sep 9, 2009 Sep 23, 2009 Nov 7, 2009 Oct 1, 2009 Oct 15, 2009 Dec 5, 2009 Oct 30, 2009 Nov 12, 2009 Jan 23, 2010 Dec 15, 2009 Dec 30, 2009 Mar 13, 2010 Feb 4, 2010 Feb 18, 2010 May 1, 2010 Mar 25, 2010 Apr 8, 2010 Jun 5, 2010 Apr 29, 2010 May 13, 2010 School Year of 2008-2009 The source for this year was a trusted collegiate institutional source secondarily based on Official College Board data. Test Date Normal Reg Late Reg Oct 4, 2008 Sep 9, 2008 Sep 16, 2008 Nov 1, 2008 Sep 26, 2008 Oct 10, 2008 Dec 6, 2008 Nov 5, 2008 Nov 18, 2008 Jan 24, 2009 Dec 26, 2008 Jan6, 2009 Mar 14, 2009 Feb 10, 2009 Feb 24, 2009 May 2, 2009 Mar 31, 2009 Apr 9, 2009 Jun 6, 2009 May 5, 2009 May 15, 2009 How to Use These SAT Data These historical test days can help you with your application, and help you predict when future SAT test dates are. If you are planning to take the SAT again and want to improve, subscribe to our blog! Found this article useful? Get a lot more helpful with our Free SAT Ebook! Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dr. Fred Zhang About the Author Fred is co-founder of PrepScholar. He scored a perfect score on the SAT and is passionate about sharing information with aspiring students. Fred graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's in Mathematics and a PhD in Economics. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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The Sierra Leone Civil War (Methods used by the RUF whether effective Research Paper

The Sierra Leone Civil War (Methods used by the RUF whether effective or not) - Research Paper Example In presenting this paper, I intend to analyze the effectiveness of the methods used by the RUF in terrorising young children and other refugees in becoming forced fighters as well as their sheer ruthlessness in destroying civilian dwellings by theft, loot, and murder. In doing so, I have considered to present some important events of the war: the beginning of the war and the formation/evolution of RUF, the resistance faced by the RUF, techniques implemented by the RUF, effects of the war and the RUF brutalities, and the eventual end of the war along with the RUF. The paper ends with a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the RUF in their approach and the effects that it generated throughout the life and times of the people of the fated country – Sierra Leone. Tarawalie 2 BEGINNING OF THE WAR: THE FORMATION OF RUF AND ITS AGENDA On 23rd March, 1991, Sierra Leone was engulfed in a civil war that was to last for more than a decade. The inception of the war was triggered by t he rebel army named Revolutionary United Front which was led by Foday Sankoh – a former corporal of the Sierra Leone army who later became a pro-Gaddafi insurgent. On returning back from Libya after receiving specialised training, he initiated an insurgency movement which later culminated into a civil war. His actions were supported by Charles Taylor- the then Liberian president â€Å"who (Charles Taylor) was the principal beneficiary from this criminal business† (Gberie 184). Although the RUF theme was aimed solely to set up a multi-party democracy by overthrowing the Momoh regime, they completed failed to define a future political agenda. What seemed to be the bottom-line were the massive diamond resources that were to come under their disposal once the current regime was powerless. These economic perks along with the ineffectual retaliation from the government forces and the subsequent defection by many civilians and soldiers led the country to a grotesque civil war . Although the RUF would later face some resistance from the Sierra Leone army, negligence and incompetence would allow them to later push back across the country and maintain their strongholds on many economically and geographically important areas like the mines of Moyamba and Bonthe districts and the country’s capital- Freetown. For most of Sierra Leone’s youth, there were only limited options left- either to remain where they were and get themselves obliterated by the rebels or to flee to the neighbouring Liberia. Ironically, this was to led them into war rather than distance them from the conflict. What the world was going to witness was the grotesque killings of refugees and forced inclusion of children into the military either by force or by the fake promises of food, water and medical care. Tarawalie 3 RESISTANCE FACED BY THE RUF The RUF in the course of its aggressive journey encountered many resistances which it either quelled or dealt with tactical approach. "Despite their brutality the RUF retained coherence as a military force and their links to neighbouring Liberia ensured that they could maintain themselves with equipment and provisions" (Dorman 38). Nevertheless, most of the initial resistances were either not consistent or were quite incompetent in their fight

Consumer behavior. iPhone 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer behavior. iPhone 6 - Essay Example Factors influencing Consumer behaviour. Situational Factors These influences result from the location, time and circumstances that surround a consumer. The main contributors of this factor include the emotions, urgency and social situation. All the determinants can influence the decision of buyers at all stages of the purchasing process. The emotions or feelings may include the moods and conditions of a person at particular moments. For example, illness, fatigue or having cash can make the consumer to buy a product. The recent purchase could be because I had money and good moods that made me buy the iPhone 6. The time factor can influence the decision of consumers in buying commodities. For example, the recent purchase occurred due to the urgent need of a phone for reading school notes while at home. People opt to skip the stages of the buying process due to their immediate needs for particular products. The social surroundings also influence consumer behaviour (Pride and Ferrell 212). For example, the decision to buy the iPhone 6, last month was influenced by my friends who accompanied me to the shopping mall. Psychological Factors These factors are related to the general consumers’ behaviours. They are internal, but, are influenced by external forces. The motives, perceptions and the attitudes of people influence their decision in buying goods. Motives can be described as the internal forces, which direct a person towards buying a product or achieving certain goals. Some motives are stronger than others.

Art history blog Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Art history blog - Assignment Example The fundamental difference between Pollock’s paintings and the traditional paintings is that unlike the traditional paintings, there is little respect of any boundaries in Pollock’s paintings. His paintings have the power to provide the audience with a way out of the materialistic world into a world which Pollock created using his exceptional sense of art. As Kaprow mentions in his article, Pollock’s art is unique in that it tends to break free of the constraints of the materialistic world in terms of looks, impulse and meanings, this feature of Pollock’s art adds many metaphysical and superficial properties to it. Kaprow puts a question in front of the audience that now that Pollock has died, it is for us to decide what do we do with the kind of art Pollock proposed. Kaprow himself offered two alternatives for this in the same article. The first one suggests that Pollock’s art be taken further. This can be achieved by varying his esthetic without g oing away from it. The second alternative suggests that the making of paintings according to the conventional concept of oval or rectangle painting be given

Organizational Theory and Behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Theory and Behavior - Term Paper Example Therefore, this paper is going to define the terms organizational theory and organizational behavior is, secondly, mention about the vital aspects of organizational behavior, thirdly, talk about the various theories of organizational behavior, and lastly conclusion. Organizational theory is a theory whose main aim is to enable individuals understand the reason as to why organizations are structured the way they are and how people behave in organizations (Cunliffe, 2008) On the other hand, organizational behavior is a word that is rarely hard in today’s life but seen and heard mostly in the places of work. The reason as to why the many people are not conversant with the term â€Å"organizational behavior† is that they do not know what it comprises. Therefore, organizational behavior can be defined as the culture and behavior of individuals in an organization that results to effective functioning of such an organization. In other words, it comprises of the rules, regulations and procedures that govern an organization (Staw, 2006) There are various vital aspects of organizational behavior and theory; they include organizational culture, ethics, communication, teamwork and diversity. Diversity means that people work in an organization peacefully by not looking at their age, tribe, gender, sex or ethnic backgrounds. Communication is the sending and receiving information, in an organization there are proper channels of communications that are followed for smooth running of organizations. Also among the staff, communication is an important aspect; it is done through memos, phone calls, emails among others. Teamwork is also important in an organization whereby the staff members have to work together as one team for effective and smooth running of organizations. There are several different behavioral theories that show how

Training and Development of Hiring Practices Case Study

Training and Development of Hiring Practices - Case Study Example A competent staff is indispensable to gain and maintain the competitive advantage. A JA process is rigorous and as such, it needs an important trigger. Triggers such as a change in the organization’s value proposition are some of the aspects that could call for a JA (Watkins, Meiers, & Visser, 2012). As earlier discussed, Training Needs Analysis determines the particular range of the needs that are manageable through training. Nevertheless, it is vital to note that not all needs may prompt the need for training in fixing the perceived issue. A three-tiered approach to analyzing needs exists (Bowman, & Wilson, 2008). The organizational analysis allows the manager to view the performance of the organization and highlights the performance problems in particular departments within the firm (Narasimhan, & Ramanarayanan, 2012). The level of analysis pertains examining the internal environment of the organization. It also extends to possible influences on employee performance and constructing its fit in line with the objective of the organization (Watkins, Meiers, & Visser, 2012). To conduct an organizational analysis, information can stem from channels such as the goals of the organization, its mission statement, and strategies. At the operational level of analysis, focus shifts to knowledge, skills and capabilities necessary for the execution of specific tasks. Termed the task analysis, it calls for an extensive examination of a task to ease the identification of the abilities needed for the exemplary execution of the task (Lubke, 2011). As Shah, & Gopal, (2012) claim, job descriptions, and performance standards are among the most effective sources of information for the task analysis framework. A manager could ask â€Å"highlight the specific tasks you are to accomplish during the workshop,† or† â€Å"provide an overview of the tasks scheduled for tomorrow in order of priority?†Ã‚  Ã‚  

Organizational Theory and Behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Theory and Behavior - Term Paper Example Therefore, this paper is going to define the terms organizational theory and organizational behavior is, secondly, mention about the vital aspects of organizational behavior, thirdly, talk about the various theories of organizational behavior, and lastly conclusion. Organizational theory is a theory whose main aim is to enable individuals understand the reason as to why organizations are structured the way they are and how people behave in organizations (Cunliffe, 2008) On the other hand, organizational behavior is a word that is rarely hard in today’s life but seen and heard mostly in the places of work. The reason as to why the many people are not conversant with the term â€Å"organizational behavior† is that they do not know what it comprises. Therefore, organizational behavior can be defined as the culture and behavior of individuals in an organization that results to effective functioning of such an organization. In other words, it comprises of the rules, regulations and procedures that govern an organization (Staw, 2006) There are various vital aspects of organizational behavior and theory; they include organizational culture, ethics, communication, teamwork and diversity. Diversity means that people work in an organization peacefully by not looking at their age, tribe, gender, sex or ethnic backgrounds. Communication is the sending and receiving information, in an organization there are proper channels of communications that are followed for smooth running of organizations. Also among the staff, communication is an important aspect; it is done through memos, phone calls, emails among others. Teamwork is also important in an organization whereby the staff members have to work together as one team for effective and smooth running of organizations. There are several different behavioral theories that show how

Retail and Channel Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Retail and Channel Management - Assignment Example Typical channel marketing methods used include direct selling or selling through a reseller. The act of retailing comes in when a producer delivers goods to consumers through a reseller. Delivery of goods from the production premises to the market goes through some stages involving different parties. The typical steps of a supply chain start with the delivery of goods from the producer to a wholesaler. A wholesaler buys goods from the producer in large quantities only to sell them to the retailers. A retailer comes in at the end of a supply chain where it sells goods to consumers in small quantities. A retail store may be involved is some channeling activities, which may include delivery of goods from their main store to other small outlets or to consumer environments. In the modern business arena, retail industry is growing at a tremendous pace. Recent commerce statistics shows that the retail industry will hit a $13 206 billion by the year 2015. Just like any other business and marketing concepts, the acts of retailing and channeling require management services. This brings us to the context of retail and channel management. All management activities involve the process of planning, organizing, leading, directing and controlling the involved processes. According to Neelesh (2008), the process of retail and channel management entails the acts of planning, organizing and directing the delivery and supply of goods from the retail stores to the end users. Retail management refers to all the integrated processes which facilitate procurement of the desired goods and services by a consumer. Retail management incorporates the management and marketing concepts in achieving the goal of effective provision and delivery of goods to the end users. An efficient retail management exercises accomplish the result of making customers’ shopping experience exciting. According to Nicholas (2005) & Gary (2005), channel

Bad Home Life Essay Example for Free

Bad Home Life Essay Children all over the world suffer everyday from bad home life, born with health problems, no shelter, abusive parents, not having enough food or water to have a good living. Majority of the children are robbed of their childhood. Everyone has heard about the problems in Africa mainly children dying of lack of food and clean water causing malnutriton. After researching more about what caught my eye was the problem in Uganda that has been going on for about twentyfive years and still happening today. It’s a very tragic and almost unbelievable story that this would happen in the lives of young children. Imagine the little kids you see on the playground at your nearby elementary school were running around with guns just shooting whatever got in their way. It’s basically an army led by Joseph Kony who was once a rebel of the army. Made up of thousands of children starting at five years old to adulthood. Majority of the children that have joined are dead now reaching a certain age. He was just not just a mass murderer but involved in many sex crimes as well. He starts by kidnapping the children from their homes the parents are killed in front of their children some the children are forced to shoot their parents. They are then forced to become apart of the army some disagree and are killed on the spot. Women are also captured to look after the young children that are captured they are also brutally raped some survive or killed, they become widowed too by the killing of their husbands. They also become responsible for feeding the children waking up early in the morning in search of food. The women become very restless and suffering due to the loss of their relatives and husbands. There is somewhat a change happening in Africa to help with this problem called the SOS Social Centre supports over 250 children and their mothers in the community who have been affected by the civil war with counseling, and medical, nutritional and educational support. Former soldiers of the army that have escaped also receive counseling. To think that these people and children do not have rights or health care that we here in America were born with is unbelievable. Many children in the SOS are orphans due to losing their parents, brother and sisters etc. , they have certain program for this called the Family Strengthening Program so there are less abandoned children. Today, chased beyond Ugandas borders, Kony stalks the wildly remote jungles straddling the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, and southern Sudan, eluding American backed efforts to end his demented war and save the children who suffer at his hand.

The Caste System of India

The Caste System of India The album of the modern world is portrayed by class and caste systems, the mere reflections of social inequality in human society. Class and caste are the form of the social stratification. The division of society into classes or strata, which form a hierarchy of prestige and power, is an universal feature of social structure. In this paper mainly focus on the basic concept of caste and class of society and in Indian context the changing trend of the caste system. What is Caste: Caste is the name of an ancient social institution that has been part of Indian history and culture for thousands of years. Wikipedia states that, A caste is a combined social system of, endogamy, culture, social class, and political power. Any of the hereditary, endogamous social classes or subclasses of traditional Hindu society, stratified according to Hindu ritual purity, especially the Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya, and Sudra castes. The nature and function of the caste system: The statutory commission report in 1930 stated about the nature and function of the caste in India as, Every Hindu necessarily belongs to the caste of his parents and in that caste he inevitably remains. No accumulation of wealth and no exercise of talents can alter his caste status and marriage outside his caste is prohibited or severely discouraged. Renowned scholar Paul H. Landis has remarked as, No ambitious young Indian of a lower class can ever hope to be a Brahmin. Here the class differences are strong that the lowest class, the untouchables are not allowed even to touch the garments of the highest or Brahmin class. They (untouchables) die in the hope that they will be reborn into a better class. From the various statements it becomes clear that caste continue to be an overpowering influence in the social, economical and political life of the country. The Indian village system is tied up with caste hierarchy. Origin of caste: some views Caste or more precisely varna for which the former a Portuguese synonyms, has come into wide use in comparative literature in recent years. It has been an invariable dimension of the social evolution in india during the last 3500years. During the Rigvedic period the Aryan community had started splitting into classes Brahma, Kashata and visa. It is only in one of the later hymns purushasuktha that a reference has been made to the four classes of Indian society. The names of the four classes were given in the sukta as Brahma, Rajanya, vaisya and sudra. The earlier division into these groups or section or varnas represented division of labour and division of social product. The original in habitants, portrayed as blackish people were called as Dasas by the Aryans, the invaders. These Dasas were over powered by the Aryans and when the conquered class were transformed into a service class, new relations of production came into being. The Dasas were known as the Sudras the fifth caste in the Aryan fold of the Indian society. Phules theory of the caste system was that it was created by the Aryans or Iranis Bhats or Brahmins. Before the coming of Irani Brahmins, Indian society was a casteless or classless agricultural community. The Grammarian Patanjali (Bc.200) commenting on panninis rule classified the countries of his times as Abrahmaniko Desah'(non-Brahmin countries) and vrshalak desah'(Brahmin countries). Dr. B.R. Ambedkar attempted to prove that the sudras originally constituted the solar Kshatriya caste of the vedic Aryan society, but that since the Brahmins refused to perform upanayana for them they were pushed down to the fourth caste. Definitions of caste: The word caste is derived from the Spanish word caste, meaning breed, race, strain or heredity. The Portuguese, when they came to India used the term to identify the caste divisions. In the words of Madan and Majumdar, caste is a closed group. To C.H Cooley, When a class is some what strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste. The most commonly cited defining features of caste are the following: Caste is determined by birth a child is born into the caste of its parents. Caste is never a matter of choice. One can never change ones caste, leave it, or choose not to join it, although there are instances where a person may be expelled from their caste. Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are endogamous, i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the group. Caste membership also involves rules about food and food-sharing. What kinds of food may or may not be eaten is prescribed and who one may share food with is also specified. Caste involves a system consisting of many castes arranged in a hierarchy of rank and status. In theory, every person has a caste, and every caste has a specified place in the hierarchy of all castes. While the hierarchical position of many castes, particularly in the middle ranks, may vary from region to region, there is always a hierarchy. Castes also involve sub-divisions within themselves, i.e., castes almost always have sub-castes and sometimes sub-castes may also have sub-sub-castes. This is referred to as a segmental organisation. Castes were traditionally linked to occupations. A person born into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary, i.e. passed on from generation to generation. On the other hand, a particular occupation could only be pursued by the caste associated with it -members of other castes could not enter the occupation. Social structure and cultural aspects of the caste system: The nature of caste system in India can be studied as a social structural system and as a cultural system representing the unique feature of Indian cultures: Social Structural Aspects: The caste system is a hierarchy of values in terms of the concept of purity and impurity. It is organized as a characteristic hereditary division of labour. It is committed to organic coordination with the larger communities. Dumont, the French sociologist used the term homo-hierarchy meant for the minority opposition and mutual repulsion in the inter-caste relationship. There is a lot of cooperation especially in the socio-religious lines between various castes. Cultural Aspects : The cultural or symbolic system of caste has the following important things: A hierarchy of values in terms of the concept of purity and impurity. Hereditary transmission of psychological traits with in caste groups. The concepts of karma and punarjanma giving ones attitudes and ways of life. Commitment to caste occupation of caste style. Tolerance of different styles of life of other castes. What is Social Class? A social class may be defined as a stratum of people of similar position in the social status continuum. The social position of the George is not the same as that of the college president; a student will not greet them in exactly the same manner. Most of us are deferential towards those whose social position we believe to be above our and are condescending to those whom we consider socially below us. The members of a social class view one another as social equals, while holding themselves to be socially superior to some and socially inferior to others. The members of a particular social class often have about the same amount of money, but what is more important is that they have much the same attitudes, values and ways of life. Social class is a very important from a social stratification. Class system is universal phenomena. Nowadays classes are in increasing and new classes are coming into being in various parts of the world. Class system in a society in determined by economic cond itions, occupational conditions, abilities, hereditary factors, educational factors etc. Every society is gradated into various social classes and each class has its status in society. To understand more about social class one has to depend on some definitions given by social scientists. Definition of Social Class: T.H. Marshal defined by stating that A system or structure of social class involves first, a hierarchy of status groups and secondly the recognition of the superior-inferior stratification and finally some degree of permanency of the structure. In the word of Ogburn and Nimcoff, By a social class we mean one or two or more broad groups of individuals who are ranked by the members of the community in socially superior and inferior positions. To Lapiere, a social class is a culturally defined group that is accorded a particular position or status within the population as a whole. Characteristics of the Class: Social class is a very important from of social stratification in the modern times. Following are the main features of class: Hierarchy of status groups: In the class system , everyone has its own status. In other words social class is a status group. Based on their features and resources, some people occupy high status, some middle status and yet some others rest at the lowest position. In modern complex society each class feels that they belong to a specific group. Class- Consciousness: In the class system every social class develops class consciousness and the status consciousness results in psychological separation. Open system: Social class system is an open one in society. The social position of one individual is based up on the factors like his profession, personal merits, dignity and wealth. The more an individual develops his abilities so as to be useful to society better he is placed in the social hierarchy. In the class system a person can move upward or downward, depending upon his personal attainments, merits and demerits, abilities and disabilities. Objective Factors: Economic condition, profession position, education, health, race etc are objectives factors of the social class system. Class consciousness resulting from the feeling of superiority and inferiority are to the called as subjective factors. When these subjective factors integrated into the objective ones, class organization occurs. Class is not only an economic division: Karl Max and Engels have the opinion that class division and economic inequalities alone lead to class difference. According to them social classes originate only from economic conditions. But our sociologists like Mac Iver mention that economic factor is only one of the factors for the origin of class system. Class is not only an occupational division: It is wrong to consider social class is an occupational division. It is restricting the scope of the social class. The criteria of high and low, superior and inferior cannot be specifically applied to professions. Social mobility: Class system involves greater scope for social mobility. According to A. Sorokin, social mobility is of two kinds; Horizontal and Vertical. Horizontal social mobility is movement from one social status to another social status of the same level. E.g. An engineer who is working in the Ford motor company goes to general motors co. as an engineers of the same grade. Vertical social mobility is the movement upward or downward e.g. A Director moves down to the position of an Assistant Director. Social Class: Marxian View The basic frame work for the dynamic of social change was laid down by Karl Marx through his materialistic interpretation of history and theory of class struggle. Opening the first chapter of their communist manifesto, Karl Marx and Engels stated: The history of all hitherto existing society(i.e. all written history) is the history of class struggle. Marxian theory, materialistic and economically oriented, views class attitudes and class consciousness as fundamentally a reflection of economic conditions. Under the Marxian concept there are only two classes namely petty Bourgeois capitalists and the proletariats or the working class. Marxs distribution of the classes was mainly on economic basis that had comes as a subject of criticisms to sociologist like Mac Iver. Karl Marx conceived the relation between these two classes essentially based on the means of production, followed by the exploitation of the Bourgeoisie class up on the working class. Regarding classes and their relation with each other Marx has set three assumption in selected correspondence. Classes are bound up with particular historical phases in the development of production. Classes are bound to lead a struggle between two classes namely Petty Bourgeois capitalists and the working class. The class struggle between those two classes necessarily leads to the dictatorship of the proletariats by over throwing the ruling capitalist from power. Marx and Engles have described classes as economic conflict groups that are divided on the basis of the possession of the various instruments of production. Thus it is believed that an industrial society is connected with two classes- petty Bourgeoisie capitalist and proletarate workers. Before the industrial revolution there were only two classes, Landlords and the Agriculturists. Class system in India: In village India, where nearly 74 percent of the population resides, caste and class affiliations overlap. According to anthropologist Miriam Sharma, Large landholders who employ hired labour are overwhelmingly from the upper castes, while the agricultural workers themselves come from the ranks of the lowestpredominantly Untouchablecastes. She also points out that household-labor-using proprietors come from the ranks of the middle agricultural castes. Distribution of other resources and access to political control follow the same pattern of caste-cum-class distinctions. Although this congruence is strong, there is a tendency for class formation to occur despite the importance of caste, especially in the cities, but also in rural areas. In an analysis of class formation in India, anthropologist Harold A. Gould points out that a three-level system of stratification is taking shape across rural India. He calls the three levels Forward Classes (higher castes), Backward Classes (middle and lower castes), and Harijans (very low castes). Members of these groups share common concerns because they stand in approximately the same relationship to land and productionthat is, they are large-scale farmers, small-scale farmers, and landless laborers. Some of these groups are drawing together within regions across caste lines in order to work for political power and access to desirable resources. For example, since the late 1960s, some of the middle-ranking cultivating castes of northern India have increasingly cooperated in the political arena in order to advance their common agrarian and market-oriented interests. Their efforts have been spurred by competition with higher-caste landed elites. In cities other groups have vested interests that crosscut caste boundaries, suggesting the possibility of forming classes in the future. These groups include prosperous industrialists and entrepreneurs, who have made successful efforts to push the central government toward a pro-business stance; bureaucrats, who depend upon higher education rather than land to preserve their positions as civil servants; political officeholders, who enjoy good salaries and perquisites of all kinds; and the military, who constitute one of the most powerful armed forces in the developing world. Economically far below such groups are members of the menial underclass, which is taking shape in both villages and urban areas. As the privileged elites move ahead, low-ranking menial workers remain economically insecure. Were they to join together to mobilize politically across lines of class and religion in recognition of their common interests, Gould observes, they might find power in their sheer numbers. Indias rapidly expanding economy has provided the basis for a fundamental changethe emergence of what eminent journalist Suman Dubey calls a new vanguard increasingly dictating Indias political and economic direction. This group is Indias new middle classmobile, driven, consumer-oriented, and, to some extent, forward-looking. Hard to define precisely, it is not a single stratum of society, but straddles town and countryside, making its voice heard everywhere. It encompasses prosperous farmers, white-collar workers, business people, military personnel, and myriad others, all actively working toward a prosperous life. Ownership of cars, televisions, and other consumer goods, reasonable earnings, substantial savings, and educated children (often fluent in English) typify this diverse group. Many have ties to kinsmen living abroad who have done very well. The new middle class is booming, at least partially in response to a doubling of the salaries of some 4 million central government employees in 1986, followed by similar increases for state and district officers. Unprecedented liberalization and opening up of the economy in the 1980s and 1990s have been part of the picture. There is no single set of criteria defining the middle class, and estimates of its numbers vary widely. The mid-range of figures presented in a 1992 survey article by analyst Suman Dubey is approximately 150 to 175 millionsome 20 percent of the populationalthough other observers suggest alternative figures. The middle class appears to be increasing rapidly. Once primarily urban and largely Hindu, the phenomenon of the consuming middle class is burgeoning among Muslims and prosperous villagers as well. According to V.A. Pai Panandikar, director of the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, cited by Dubey, by the end of the twentieth century 30 percentsome 300 millionof Indias population will be middle class. The middle class is bracketed on either side by the upper and lower echelons. Members of the upper classaround 1 percent of the populationare owners of large properties, members of exclusive clubs, and vacationers in foreign lands, and include industrialists, former maharajas, and top executives. Below the middle class is perhaps a third of the populationordinary farmers, tradespeople, artisans, and workers. At the bottom of the economic scale are the poorestimated at 320 million, some 45 percent of the population in 1988who live in inadequate homes without adequate food, work for pittances, have undereducated and often sickly children, and are the victims of numerous social inequities. Changing Pattern of Caste system in India: Despite many problems, the caste system has operated successfully for centuries, providing goods and services to Indias many millions of citizens. The system continues to operate, but changes are occurring. Indias constitution guarantees basic rights to all its citizens, including the right to equality and equal protection before the law. The practice of untouchability, as well as discrimination on the basis of caste, race, sex, or religion, has been legally abolished. All citizens have the right to vote, and political competition is lively. Voters from every stratum of society have formed interest groups, overlapping and crosscutting castes, creating an evolving new style of integrating Indian society. Castes themselves, however, far from being abolished, have certain rights under Indian law. As described by anthropologist Owen M. Lynch and other scholars, in the expanding political arena caste groups are becoming more politicized and forced to compete with other interest groups for social and economic benefits. In the growing cities, traditional intercaste interdependencies are negligible. Independent India has built on earlier British efforts to remedy problems suffered by Dalits by granting them some benefits of protective discrimination. Scheduled Castes are entitled to reserved electoral offices, reserved jobs in central and state governments, and special educational benefits. The constitution mandates that one-seventh of state and national legislative seats be reserved for members of Scheduled Castes in order to guarantee their voice in government. Reserving seats has proven useful because few, if any, Scheduled Caste candidates have ever been elected in non-reserved constituencies. Educationally, Dalit students have benefited from scholarships, and Scheduled Caste literacy increased (from 10.3 percent in 1961 to 21.4 percent in 1981, the last year for which such figures are available), although not as rapidly as among the general population. Improved access to education has resulted in the emergence of a substantial group of educated Dalits able to take up white-collar occupations and fight for their rights. There has been tremendous resistance among non-Dalits to this protective discrimination for the Scheduled Castes, who constitute some 16 percent of the total population, and efforts have been made to provide similar advantages to the so-called Backward Classes (see Glossary), who constitute an estimated 52 percent of the population. In August 1990, Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap (V.P.) Singh announced his intention to enforce the recommendations of the Backward Classes Commission (Mandal Commissionsee Glossary), issued in December 1980 and largely ignored for a decade. The report, which urged special advantages for obtaining civil service positions and admission to higher education for the Backward Classes, resulted in riots and self-immolations and contributed to the fall of the prime minister. The upper castes have been particularly adamant against these policies because unemployment is a major problem in India, and many feel that they are being unjustly excluded from posts for w hich they are better qualified than lower-caste applicants. As an act of protest, many Dalits have rejected Hinduism with its rigid ranking system. Following the example of their revered leader, Dr. Ambedkar, who converted to Buddhism four years before his death in 1956, millions of Dalits have embraced the faith of the Buddha. Over the past few centuries, many Dalits have also converted to Christianity and have often by this means raised their socioeconomic status. However, Christians of Dalit origin still often suffer from discrimination by Christiansand othersof higher caste backgrounds. Despite improvements in some aspects of Dalit status, 90 percent of them live in rural areas in the mid-1990s, where an increasing proportionmore than 50 percentwork as landless agricultural laborers. State and national governments have attempted to secure more just distribution of land by creating land ceilings and abolishing absentee landlordism, but evasive tactics by landowners have successfully prevented more than minimal redistribution of land to tenant farmers and laborers. In contemporary India, field hands face increased competition from tractors and harvesting machines. Similarly, artisans are being challenged by expanding commercial markets in mass-produced factory goods, undercutting traditional mutual obligations between patrons and clients. The spread of the Green Revolution has tended to increase the gap between the prosperous and the poormost of whom are low-caste. The growth of urbanization (an estimated 26 percent of the population now lives in cities) is having a far-reaching effect on caste practices, not only in cities but in villages. Among anonymous crowds in urban public spaces and on public transportation, caste affiliations are unknown, and observance of purity and pollution rules is negligible. Distinctive caste costumes have all but vanished, and low-caste names have been modified, although castes remain endogamous, and access to employment often occurs through intracaste connections. Restrictions on interactions with other castes are becoming more relaxed, and, at the same time, observance of other pollution rules is decliningespecially those concerning birth, death, and menstruation. Several growing Hindu sects draw members from many castes and regions, and communication between cities and villages is expanding dramatically. Kin in town and country visit one another frequently, and television programs available to huge numbers of villagers vividly portray new lifestyles. As new occupations open up in urban areas, the correlation of caste with occupation is declining. Caste associations have expanded their areas of concern beyond traditional elite emulation and local politics into the wider political arenas of state and national politics. Finding power in numbers within Indias democratic system, caste groups are pulling together closely allied subcastes in their quest for political influence. In efforts to solidify caste bonds, some caste associations have organized marriage fairs where families can make matches for their children. Traditional hierarchical concerns are being minimized in favor of strengthening horizontal unity. Thus, while pollution observances are declining, caste consciousness is not. Education and election to political office have advanced the status of many Dalits, but the overall picture remains one of great inequity. In recent decades, Dalit anger has been expressed in writings, demonstrations, strikes, and the activities of such groups as the Dalit Panthers, a radical political party demanding revolutionary change. A wider Dalit movement, including political parties, educational activities, self-help centers, and labor organizations, has spread to many areas of the country. In a 1982 Dalit publication, Dilip Hiro wrote, It is one of the great modern Indian tragedies and dangers that even well meaning Indians still find it so difficult to accept Untouchable mobility as being legitimate in fact as well as in theory. . . . Still, against all odds, a small intelligentsia has worked for many years toward the goal of freeing India of caste consciousness. Factor contributing to caste change: The main factors responsible for the changes of caste system are: Modern education: Modern education is one of the major factors for weakening of the caste. It has gone to make negative impacts upon casteism. As modern education is deeply ingrained into the values such as liberty, equality and fraternity, it gives no place for hoary social evils and practices like casteism. Education also encouraged inter-caste marriage. The feeling of untouchability and prejudices are being gradually eliminated from the mind of the children of all caste. Industrialization: With the advent of industrialization people of all castes were forced to find out employment in factories in big cities. In the industrial centers members of different castes came into mutual contact, made harmonious relationship with other and forgot the caste barriers. Urbanization: Industrialization, transportation and widened communication are the main facors responsible to decrease the sentiment of the caste from the people to a greater extent. Higher caste members who moved to urban areas for pursuing employment found it difficult to retain their caste ideas and practice. Significance of wealth: In the past power of money was not much dominating factor in the society. Today wealth is replacing caste as the basis of social prestige. In other words money has become a deciding factor for influencing human life at present. Rise of Nationalism: Nationalism bound up with the concept of universal brotherhood has opened up new volumes in inter-caste relations. It seems to have helped to a considerable extent in shortening the prejudices of casteism from the mind of people in rural areas. Effect of social reforms: Social reform movement had also gone to a wider extent in diminishing caste prejudices from the upper caste minds. Social reformer like Babasaheb, Ambedkar, Balgangadhar Tilak, Ranade had done a lot for removing caste distinction and prejudice from the mind of Indians. Conclusion: The strength of caste themselves, of the individuals attachment to his own caste, it may be claimed that the traditional caste system has been profoundly altered. In that system each individual caste had its ascribed place and co-operated with each other castes in a traditional economy and in ritual. No doubt there was always some competition between castes and there were changes in position in the hierarchy of prestige; but there was no generalized competition. It is quit otherwise with the modern caste associations, which exist in order to compete for wealth, educational opportunities and social prestige in a much more open society. The class interests and demands of the toiling people, the poor and the oppressed, has largely been expressed in the form of caste politics. Articulated within the structures of Indias democracy, this caste based politics has succeeded in providing significant relief to the lower castes, who form the overwhelming majority of Indias toiling masses. Next week, this column will look at the consequences of lower caste politics in contemporary India.

Injuries and Ailments of Hamsters :: Hamsters Animals Veternarians Essays

Injuries and Ailments of Hamsters In general, hamsters (especially those in the wild) are robust little animals and aren't affected by many natural diseases. But, they are very susceptible to the infectious diseases of other animals, including humans. Many of the problems and ailments now associated with hamsters are a direct result of captivity. Because they are small, a minor illness can rapidly become major if immediate treatment isn't pursued. Since they are nocturnal many of the early signs of illness are not noticed. To insure good health, hamsters should be checked regularly: to include eating habits, exercise habits, teeth, limbs, body check for lumps, cuts and abrasions, etc. etc. A sick hamster generally becomes irritable and "bitey." They frequently become lethargic or walk almost stiff-legged if forced to move or may sit in a "hunched" position. The eyes are usually dull, sunken and sometimes watery. And, they don't eat much, which results in weight loss. SYMPTOM POSSIBLE CAUSE Blood in Urine Bladder & Kidney Infection Bloody Diarrhea Intussusception Breathing Heavy Shock - Colds & Influenza Broken Limb Broken Limb Bulging Anus Constipation - Intussusception - Rectal Prolapse Closed Eye(s) Impacted Pouch - Irritated Eyes Constipation Endoparasites Crusty Lesions in ears, face, feet Ear Mites Cuts & Bites Abscesses - Cuts & Bites Dragging Hind Quarters Broken Limb - Cage Paralysis - Hind Limb Paralysis Dry Scaly Skin Demodicosis - Mange - Mites - Ringworm - Sarcoptic Mange Eating Babies Cannibalism Eggs in Feces Endoparasites Excessive Drinking Bladder & Kidney Infection - Diabetes Extreme Diarrhea Tyzzer's Disease - Wet Tail Eye Rupture Eye Prolapse

Relationship between Hamlet and Rosencrantz Essay

Are there any acceptable reasons to lie to a friend? This question brings us to the issue of true friendship. In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the relationship between Hamlet and Horatio as well as the relationship between Hamlet with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are presented. These relationships are portrayed by the occasion on which the friends meet, the method in which Hamlet’s friends treat him, and how they act towards him. From these incidents, Horatio proves to be a better friend to Hamlet than either Rosencrantz or Guildenstern. As the play develops, we see that Horatio treats Hamlet with more kindness than both Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This is exemplified in Horatio’s actions in particular, his first meeting with Hamlet where he informed Hamlet about his father’s ghost, then advised him not to follow the ghost, and helped him perform the mousetrap in order to prove Claudius’ guilt in the murder of King Hamlet. In the beginning, after witnessing the appearance of King Hamlet’s ghost, Horatio informs Hamlet of what he saw. â€Å"I think I saw [your father] yesternight.† (I, ii, 188). The fact, that Horatio would tell his friend that he saw the ghost of his dead father every day for the last week proved that Horatio cared for Hamlet. Next, Horatio tried to protect Hamlet by warning him of possible dangers that could arise if he followed his father’s ghost. Hamlet: â€Å"It will not speak, then I will follow it† Horatio: â€Å"Do not, my lord†¦What if it tempt you toward the flood, my lord,/ Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff.† (I, iv, 62-63, 69-70) From this scene, Horatio is shown to be protecting Hamlet from dangers that could occur, an act that a true friend would carry out. Finally, Horatio helped Hamlet to perform the mousetrap in order to determine if Claudius really killed King Hamlet. Hamlet: â€Å"one scene of it comes near the circumstances which [Hamlet] have told [Horatio] of [his] father’s death†¦ Observe [Claudius]: if his occulted guilt.† Horatio: â€Å"well, my lord:/ If [Claudius] steal aught the whilst this play is playing,/ And ‘scape detecting, [Horatio] will pay the theft.† (III, ii, 75-76,79, 87-88) In this act, Horatio has agreed to team up with Hamlet, and defy his allegiance to the King of Denmark, to see if the Claudius killed King Hamlet. These events are evidence of the true friendship Horatio has with Hamlet. During the play, Hamlet is also introduced to his childhood friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Though they have known each other from a young age, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern prove not to be as true in their friendship to Hamlet as Horatio. This is evidenced by their reason come to Denmark, their first meeting with Hamlet, and the way in which they treated him. When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive in Denmark they are welcomed by Claudius and Gertrude because they were sent for by the King and Queen. â€Å"Welcome, dear Rosencrantz and Guildenstern†¦ The need we have to use you did provoke/ Our hasty sending.† (II, ii, 1, 3-4). Since Rosencrantz and Guildenstern came to Denmark because they were called upon, and did not come on their own free will, this proves that they are not true friends to Hamlet. Next, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern agreed to Claudius and Gertrude’s proposal to spy on Hamlet. Claudius: â€Å"†¦ and to gather, †¦Whether aught to us unknown afflicts him thus,† Guildenstern: â€Å"But we obey† (II, ii, 15-18, 29) Since Rosencrantz and Guildenstern agreed to spy on Hamlet, their own friend, this reveals that they are not true friends. Finally, after Hamlet figured out that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were sent to spy on him did they finally confess â€Å"my Lord, we were sent for.† (II, ii, 292). After the truth came out, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tried to make Hamlet feel better because he felt that he was in a prison living in Denmark because the ghost  told Hamlet of his murder and the adulterous relationship Gertrude had with Claudius. From examining the events surrounding the relationships of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with Hamlet, it is plain to see that they were not good friends to Hamlet. In comparing Rosencrantz and Guildenstern relationship with Hamlet to Horatio’s relationship with Hamlet, it is clear that Horatio was a better friend. From the initial meeting of the two sets of friends to how they treated the main character, Horatio proved to be kinder to Hamlet throughout. First of all, the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are called to Denmark by the King and Queen and did not come because they wanted to see their friend is very telling of the level of friendship they have with Hamlet. This is unlike Horatio, who goes out and seeks Hamlet in order to tell him about his father. Secondly, Hamlet shows his trust towards Horatio when he indulges his plan to figure out if Claudius killed his father. This is in contrast to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who agreed to help Claudius figure out what was wrong with Hamlet. Finally, Horatio wanted to protect Hamlet from dangers when he warned him that something negative could possibly happen if he followed the ghost. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern only acted nicely to Hamlet once he figured out that they were sent to spy on him. These events provide evidence that Horatio was a better friend to Hamlet than Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were. In conclusion, from comparing the relationship between Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with Hamlet versus the relationship of Horatio with Hamlet, the evidence viewed, such as his first encounter with Hamlet, the way the main character is treated, and how the friends act with him, showed that Horatio was a true friend to Hamlet. Though, a person may make many friends throughout their lifetime, their actions provide the evidence that is used to determine who are in fact true friends.