Symbolism in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay

Imagery in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams In Tennessee Williams’ play, A Streetcar Named Desire, the character of Blanche Dubois is a clear case of the utilization of imagery all through the play. Blanche needs to see things in a ridiculous manner. â€Å"I don’t need authenticity. I need magic†¦I attempt to offer that to individuals. I distort things to them. I don’t tell truth, I determine what should be truth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blanche p.117). She doesn’t need reality; rather she wishes to see a rose-hued adaptation of life that accompanies her good old southern beauty character. Blanche doesn’t need to confront the truth of her issues. She needs everything to be mellowed and diminished for her, similarly as the light is relaxed and darkened by the shade. â€Å"Light† frequently represents truth, which is the reason she doesn’t like to remain in an enlightened room. She escapes reality and lives in her very own universe creation. â€Å"I can’t stand an exposed bulb, anything else than I can an impolite comment or a revolting action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blanche p.55 scene 3). She had purchased a little shaded paper lamp to put it over the light, so the room could get that strange touch that she needed. â€Å"†¦Soft individuals must sparkle and shine they’ve got the chance to put on delicate hues, the shades of butterfly wings, and put a paper lamp over the light†¦ It isn’t enough to be delicate. You’ve got the chance to be delicate and alluring. Furthermore, I-I’m blurring now! I don’t realize how much longer I can turn the trick†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Blanche p. 79 scene 5). Blanche can al...

International currenies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Universal currenies - Essay Example Extra exposure FACTAs new detailing necessities are a lot more extensive than the Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR). This implies people who might not have been liable to FBAR recording commitment may even now be dependent upon the new announcing prerequisite. The significant contrasts among FACTA and FBAR are: (1) FACTA has a higher resource limit for revelation at $50,000; (2) FACTA applies to a more extensive scope of advantages; (3) FACTA must be documented as a connection to an individual expense form not at all like FBAR which is recorded autonomously of assessment forms with the Treasury Department. Notwithstanding that, FACTA included another retention framework that requires outside monetary establishments with significant US proprietors to reveal data in regards to the US citizens. Expanded punishments first of all, FACTA favors the IRS with an assumption that it is the commitment of the citizen to record her revelation on the off chance that she has indi cated outside money related resources (Packman and Rivero 45). It additionally requires investors in an inactive remote speculation organization (PFIC) to document a yearly data return revealing their possession in any case. The base punishment for inability to present the necessary exposure without sensible reason is $10,000 which would increment by $10,000, for at regular intervals of inability to present the necessary divulgence, to a limit of $50,000.

Henry David Thoreaus Walden and Aldo Leopolds A Sand County Almanac E

Henry David Thoreau's Walden and Aldo Leopold's A Sand County Almanac While examining Henry David Thoreau's Walden and Aldo Leopold's A Sand County Almanac, we endeavored to address a significant test - Is the nearby perception and portrayal of nature just an inert thing for individuals in this day and age? It could be proposed that nature composing and the nearby happiness regarding common habitats is just recreational and not mentally, financially, or politically deserving of our endeavors. Maybe this action has otherworldly worth or gives us a feeling of harmony. But does it truly have anything to do with the manner in which we live on the planet today? I can't help thinking that this inquiry is vital to the entire course of study and that we should have the option to answer it convincingly and in some detail. In my view, there can be no uncertainty to the right answer. The nearby perception and depiction of nature is no inactive thing. It is a demonstration of world-production, or establishing one's reality see. Since conduct is controlled by the manners by which one sees the world (reality), it is the foundation of one's conduct. It is this demonstration where we find both Thoreau and Leopold locked in. Thoreau himself remarks on its criticalness in the article, Where I Lived and What I lived For. By intently watching, yet particularly by portraying (by utilizing language) we set up our lives inside the entire normal world. We express our longing and pledge to live inside that world. Presently, maybe this sounds insignificant and trite in this day and age, however it is no inconsequential responsibility for a resident of today. Present day human life is set so solidly inside a human-assembled world and harps so completely on human issues just that it is typical for all of us to grow up and experience our lives... ... objective of that culture is to keep us outside of our human selves, found immovably inside its motivation and filling its needs. That culture wouldn't like to recognize a different universe, a characteristic world. To do that would permit human freedom, for that would give individuals a genuine image of what their identity is and offer them a station that isn't commanded by the set up political/monetary plan of today. This is no inert thing; it is an amazing policy centered issue, indeed. The set up culture doesn't generally need its residents to live in any world yet the particular one that it gives, that it has characterized, and that it controls to further its potential benefit. At the point when we read Thoreau's Walden intently, we see this equivalent social pressure even one hundred and fifty years back. Thoreau was very much aware of the way that his life at Walden Pond was a freeing counter-social experience.

The True Hero in the Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare set in sixteenth Century, Venice. This is a play about a Merchant, Antonio, who gets cash from a Jewish cash moneylender, Shylock. Antonio is obtaining the cash for his companion, Bassanio. Antonio wishes to give the cash to Bassanio so he can endeavor to win the hand of Portia, a well off woman. When Antonio gets himself incapable to reimburse his obligation, his life is in question and the show unfurls. sixteenth Century Venice dislike the world we live in today. In spite of the fact that it was an extremely effective city, life for a great many people was hard.It was a judgemental Christian city where subjugation and organized marriage were typical. Shakespeare utilizes this condition to draw out the most exceedingly terrible in his characters. We see covetousness, partiality and vengeance as each character battles for what they accept to be right. In these environmental factors it isn't hard to track down a lowlife yet it is hard to track down a saint. So who is the genuine legend in the Merchant of Venice? Antonio is one of the principle characters; he is the Merchant of Venice.He is rich, notable and a dedicated companion to Bassanio. Anyway he has scorn towards Jews. Some may consider Antonio to be the saint, for getting 3,000 ducats for his dear companion Bassanio yet some may consider him as a scalawag because of his preference towards the Jewish cash loan specialist, Shylock. At the point when he can't pay his obligation and his life is going to be taken he despite everything holds the estimations of fellowship higher than his own life:â€Å"And he atones not that he pays your obligation,/For if the Jew do cut yet profound enough/I’ll pay it in a flash with all my heart† (Merchant of Venice, Act 4, Sc. 1, 277-279).But I don't think Antonio can be viewed as a legend on the grounds that in spite of the fact that he was good to his companion and to Venice, his treatment of Shylock was unpardonable. In any event, when requesting the credit he concedes his preference towards Shylock since he was a Jew: â€Å"I am as prefer to approach thee so once more,/To spit on thee once more, to scorn on thee too.† (Merchant of Venice, Act 1, Sc. 3, 125-126)And in spite of the fact that he saved Shylocks life and left him half of his fortune, his terms were very cruel:â€Å"He by and by become a Christian; The other, that he do record a blessing, Here in the court, of all he bites the dust possess’d Unto his child Lorenzo and his daughter.†(Merchant of Venice, Act 4, Sc. 1, 385-388).Bassanio didn’t need to make Shylock a Christian; he could have quite recently released him. This pitiless term eclipses all the beneficial things that he’s accomplished for other people so that’s why I think Bassanio is a reprobate. Shylock is likewise a major piece of the play. He can possibly be a saint on the grounds that he’s a dedicated legit ma n, consistent with Judaism and suffers preference in his regular daily existence: â€Å"You call me skeptic, merciless canine,/And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine† (Merchant of Venice, Act 1, Sc. 3, 107-108).His little girl, Jessica, flees from him to be with her Christian darling, Lorenzo. She likewise changes over to Christianity and takes every one of his wealth. Now the peruser feels frustrated about Shylock yet when he ends up in the situation of intensity, he ends up being as remorseless as every other person: â€Å"I’ll have no speaking, I will have my bond† (Merchant of Venice, Act 3, Sc. 3, 17).His mentality doesn’t change when he goes to court and by this stage the peruser has no compassion toward him so Shylock is unquestionably not a gallant or affable character. Portia is one of the main three principle female characters in the play. She is faithful to her late dad, insightful, clever and evil. Will she be a saint or a miscreant? Portia appears to be a casualty from the start; how she’s constrained into a marriage and doesn’t have a choice.However when Bassanio, the man she’s adored from first sight, picks the correct coffin she appears to be substance and she reveals to him that he is her â€Å"king† †(Merchant of Venice, Act 3, Sc. 2, 165). When Bassanio’s dear companion, Antonio, is in a difficult situation and requirements 3,000 ducats, Portia gives her grace and love for Bassanio by offering to pay even more:â€Å"Pay his 6,000, and destroy the bond. Twofold 6,000, and afterward treble that, Before a companion of this depiction Shall lose a hair through Bassanio’s fault.†(Merchant of Venice, Act 3, Sc. 2, 297-300)Her most prominent act is sparing the life of Antonio. It is simple for a rich individual to pay a bond yet Portia makes a more prominent penance by camouflaging herself as a male specialist of law and confronting the court. At the point when she can't co nvince Shylock to adjust his perspective, she says that he is very qualified under the law for remove a pound of Antonio’s flesh.However she outmaneuvers him by neglecting to make reference to that he can't legitimately draw blood and in this way can in reality not take the tissue he so wants. I think this shows Portia is courageous and clever. As I would see it I believe that the genuine saint in the Merchant of Venice is Portia. I think this since she is benevolent, liberal, helps other’s, and spared someone’s live. This makes her stand apart as a brave character over all the others.

Abortion: A Growing Concern Essays -- essays research papers

Fetus removal The issue of fetus removal causes conversations about human cooperations where morals, feelings and law meet up. There are numerous reasons why ladies choose to have premature births. Whatever the reasons a lady chooses to have a premature birth, it appears to be just defended that she ought to have the option to settle on choices with respect to her life and body. The choices that she causes will to be valuable to both the lady and the baby since it will keep numerous issues from happening later on. On the off chance that a lady were to have an undesirable infant, she may disregard or even maltreatment the youngster making the kid go into the consideration of the legislature. The administration has no substantial explanation in carrying an undesirable life into the world. Carrying an undesirable youngster into the world isn't useful to the guardians, the kid and the legislature, in such a case that the guardians can't deal with the kid, in the end, the administration will be liable for the kid. The option to have a fetus removal is close to home and basic to a woman’s life, in light of the fact that having a child in one’s life causes sensational changes. Pregnancy and labor can keep ladies from keeping and landing positions. At the point when ladies are pregnant numerous businesses would prefer not to recruit them since when the lady has an infant, the organization or manager should at present compensation her for the time that she is jobless by law. Additionally, raising an infant and accommodating all the requirements that a kid has is a ton of cash, which can make a deficient salary for some ladies. Another factor that forces on ...

Renaissance and Reformation Free Essays

Renaissance and Reformation Test Humanism-Classical writings from the Greek and Roman culture lead to humanism. Humanism concentrated on human potential and accomplishments. Individuals quit agonizing over Christian lessons. We will compose a custom paper test on Renaissance and Reformation or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Affected craftsmen and engineers. History, Literature, and Philosophy are humanities subjects. Common People got worried about the present time and place Predestination-Calling’s book/tenet; Institutes of the Christian Religion expresses that everybody is evil naturally and God has known from the earliest starting point who he will spare. Chamber of Trend-Pope Paul Ill fourth step toward change was to call an extraordinary committee of hurt pioneers to Trend. Catholic Bishops and Cardinals conceded to a few regulations: 1) Church understanding of the holy book was last any individual who subbed there thoughts was a blasphemer 2) Christians need confidence and acts of kindness for salvation 3) The Bible and church customs were both as ground-breaking for direction 4)luncheons were substantial articulations of confidence Annul-Divorce was not permitted anyway the pope could cancel the illusion which meaner to discover verification that the hallucination was never legitimate in any case Recant-to reclaim an announcement you made about something Indulgence-you pay cash for a guilty pleasure and it will remove our transgression Patron- Popes who embellished the urban communities by going through a lot of cash 95 proposition Luther composed 95 postulations that he figured the congregation should change which lead to reconstruction a development for strict change. His showing had 3 principle thoughts: 1) People could win salvation by ONLY with confidence in god, the congregation instructed that confidence and â€Å"good workers† were required for salvation 2) All congregation lessons ought to be founded on the good book. The pope and church customs were bogus specialists 3) All individuals with confidence were equivalent subsequently individuals didn’t need ministers to decipher the good book for them Edict of Worms-King Charles pronounced Luther of a fugitive and apostate, nobody should give him nourishment or sanctuary and his books were to be scorched. Anyway Prince Frederick gave him cover in a manor and individuals started to follow his expressions; clerics wore ordinary garments and called themselves sirs, drove administration in German not Latin and a few priests wedded, which made another strict gathering called the Lutheran as opposed to looking for changes against the Catholic Church. Protestant-A Christian who isn't Catholic Peace of Suburbs-German rulers chose if there state would be catholic or rottenest Act of Supremacy-English demonstration of Parliament that perceived Henry VIII as the â€Å"Supreme Head† of the Church of England not the pope Anabaptist-Believed that individuals shouldn’t be purified through water into the Christian confidence as youngsters since they were not mature enough to choose if they needed to be Christian; encouraged that the congregation and the state ought to be isolated, and they wouldn't battle wars. Survey Anabaptists as radicals who compromised society the two Catholics and Protestants aggrieved them Peasants Revolt-workers were energized by Lather’s progressive thoughts and requested a conclusion to serfdom. The revolt shocked Luther so Luther composed a leaflet encouraging the German Princes to show no benevolence, the military squashed the revolt slaughtering more than 100,000 individuals. Feeling sold out by Luther numerous workers dismissed his strict administration. Anyway through his compositions he stayed persuasive People Igniting of Loyola-Catholic reformer, composed the Spiritual Exercises that spread out a step by step plan of contemplation, supplication, and study. The pope made Igniting a strict request called the Society of Jesus Members were called Jesuits-focused on 3 thoughts: 1) Founded schools all through Europe. 2) Convert non-Christians to Catholicism 2) Stop Protestantism from spreading Johann Gutenberg-Reinvented versatile sort and the print machine that presses paper against a plate brimming with inked mobile sort made the main finished book of scriptures called the Gutenberg Bible Johann Tested-Was fund-raising to reconstruct SST. Pewter’s Cathedral in Rome, he did this by selling guilty pleasures, he gave the feeling that by purchasing extravagances you could purchase your approach to paradise Martin Luther: Against Tested for selling guilty pleasures Wrote 95 proposal assaulting â€Å"Pardon Merchants† Believed you can just win salvation through confidence and pardoning of God Banished by Pope Leo X Charles V gave the Edict of Worms pronouncing Luther as an apostate, however Prince Frederick shielded him in a stronghold Translated the New Testament to German Lutheran were his adherents John Calvin: Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion which communicated thoughts regarding God, salvation, and human instinct Called the couple of individuals that God decides to spare the â€Å"elect†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ God has known since the get-go who will be spared destiny Calvinist Ruled Geneva, Switzerland with religious (government controlled by strict pioneers) Geneva was a city of high good in view of how severe he was Henry VIII: Married to Catherine of Argon and has a girl named Mary yet needs a separation so he can have a child to be the beneficiary to the position of royalty Pope would not dissolve his marriage so he assembled a meeting with the reorganization Parliament and solicited to pass a set from laws that finished the pope’s power in England Act of Supremacy made the lord the leader of the Church of England, not the pope Closed cloisters and expanded absolute force Anne had a little girl named Elizabeth so he detained her in a pinnacle and decapitated her third spouse gave him his child, Edward Erasmus: Christian humanist from Holland who composed The Praise of Folly which ridiculed eager traders, heartsick sweethearts, combative researchers, and self important ministers Believes in Christianity of the heart Wrote in Latin In request to improve society, all individuals should examine the Bible Catherine of Argon-Married to Henry VII never had a kid so Henry needed to abrogate the marriage from the outset the pope said no in light of the fact that she would not like to annoy the Holy Roman Empire Charles V yet later after Henry VII put in the Act of Supremacy-Made the English King the head of chapel not the pope the marriage was repealed Pope Leo X-expelled Luther after 95 postulation Artists: Donated-Made models increasingly practical via cutting common stances and articulations cut the sculpture David Leonardo De Vinci-Artistic researcher, painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, A True â€Å"Renaissance Man† Raphael-Learned from Leonardo De Vinci and Michelangelo, Painted the dividers of Julius II Library, Painted School of Athens, passes on the traditional writing of the Renaissance and shows old style and Renaissance figures together Michelangelo-Sculpted David second, celebrated the human body and investigated Renaissance subject of human potential, stamped the roof of the Sistine Chapel, Scientific craftsman, genuine â€Å"Renaissance man† Jan Van Check-Italian Renaissance, Oil-based Paintings reasonable Writers: Machiavelli-Wrote The Prince which said a ruler must be solid as a lion and quick as a fox, he may need to deceive his enemy’s and even his own kin to benefit the state, he was not worried about the ethically right yet with the politically compelling Castigation-distributed The Courtier with the assistance of Aviators Cologne Sir Thomas Moore-Christian Humanists, he was worried about society’s imperfections, composed Utopia about a nonexistent land possessed by a harmony adoring individuals. In Greek Utopia meaner â€Å"no place† yet in English it has come to mean perfect spot due to Mores book Vocal Perspective-AD craftsmanship Vernacular-Native language Anglican-Anglican Church= just legitimate Church of England Elizabeth was head of Church Presbyterian-Followers of John Knox; he was a minister from Scotland whom spread the instructing of John Calvin and made Calvinist Scotland official religion Catholic Reformation-Helping Catholics stay faithful to the congregation Questions: The Renaissance started in Italy due to flourishing urban areas, a well off trader class, and the old style legacy of Greece and Rome. Britain lingered behind in view of the bubonic plague and the 100 years’ war. An ideal Renaissance Man-Charming, clever, accomplished, Dance, sing, play music, compose verse, talented rider, grappler, fighter, self-controlled Northern versus.. Southern Renaissance Art: Northern: Focused uniquely on Religion; about scenes and the ways of life of individuals Southern: progressively common; Greek and Roman folklores, about divine beings and goddesses Catholic Reformation made strides like having the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, and the Council of Trend to address the Protestant Reformation 4 developments that made up the Reformation: . 3. 4. What changes did this bring to Europe? Of Prohibited books-Institutes of Christian Religion-Index Sarandon-Patriarch-Velasquez-What city was the focal point of the Renaissance? Florence, Italy What sort of workmanship was the focal point of the Renaissance? Authenticity (some of the time utilizing Biblical scenes) The shipper family named Renaissance. Medici was significant toward the start of the Who driven the part away from the Catholic Church in England? Henry VIII Why did England split from the congregation? The King needed a male beneficiary so he expected to separate from his significant other What nation did the Protestant reorganization start in? Germany (Martin Luther in Wattenberg) How was the print machine significant to Martin Luther? He could spread his convictions all the more productively This development came about because of the Protestant Reformation. It was an endeavor to change the Catholic Church to all the more likely address the issues of its adherents. Catholic Reformation 1 . Reasons that the Renaissance started on the Italian landmass incorporate the entirety of the accompanying EXCEPT the peninsula’s A. Geographic area B. Political association C. Religion D. Social structure E. Financial structure 2. Which of coming up next isn't a Renaissance esteem?

School Violence Physical and Verbal Attack - Free Essay Example

School violence is characterized as any physical or verbal attack on one while being on school property or grounds. The amount of school violence has been a huge issue in our society for so long, many could say its become ordinary. Since the year 2000, there has been a recorded number of 64 shootings incidents that have involved public occupied areas. With results with almost 5 shootings per year. Ninety-four percent of the 64 were school-related shootings. This number has aroused countless problems in the nation for the past couple of years. Students are bringing weapons to school including guns and knives and many are using them in ways to harm and kill the people around them. The United States has one of the highest rates of violence among other countries (Winn, The U.S School Shooting). The problem in society today is how to reduce the amount of violence that is occurring in schools in the United States, is there enough effort put forth towards school safety? I feel as if there isnt enough effort put towards school safety, and there needs to be stricter laws and restrictions for the purchase of guns. Parents send their children off to school every day hoping they are in good hands and that they make it home safe. The school systems in todays society are completely different from what they were twenty-five years ago, teachers disciplined students for chewing gum and talking too much, but todays teachers fear for their lives and wonder if they are going to get shot for giving a student a bad grade. A trend of school violence started to occur a few years ago and rapidly increased in somewhat of a replica fashion. Kids that get made fun of and were seen as outcasts or loners saw others like them and used acting out in a violent way for a type of redemption for the bullying that they had withstood. Which resulted in the violent outburst in school violence and school shootings. In 2016, the CDC found nearly ninety percent of public schools had a written plan for responding to school shootings, and seventy percent of those schools had drilled students on the plan (Bullying Definition, Statistics, Risks). Due to an increase in bullying in schools leads to an increase in violence in schools. Bullying is defined as harassing or intimidating another through verbal or physical insults. Socially kids tend to create a position of superiority in groups; putting kids in types of groups based on appearance, social life, and extracurricular activities. There are the popular kids, the loners/outcasts, the athletes, the nerds, and groups based on skin color, race, and nationality. Many kids take strong offense to these types of things and it is considered to be a type of bullying too many. 160,000 kids per day skip school for fear of being bullied (Bullying Definition, Statistics, Risks). Will all this school violence becoming the main point of all media aspects, in a way it teaches kids of todays society that it is acceptable to act out in violent ways and that it will consider them to be cool. Today, gun control and gun violence have become one of the most questioned issues in America. Most say that the lack of gun safety laws is resulting in the ability to easily access these guns but in reality, the argument is to implement stricter laws that ensure the firearms dont fall in the wrong hands. In todays society these firearms are falling into the wrong hands; the hands of adolescent kids. The United States of Americans Second Amendment gives the right to bear arms to all American Citizens. Revoking American Citizens right to bear arms would be considered as taking away their rights. Anyone over the age of 18 can purchase firearms, although it is pretty easy for one to get a license in another state, buy a gun, then move back to their original state with an illegal firearm. Implementing further laws and regulations, the government can enforce stricter laws in order to protect crimes including firearms. Over five years of tracking, this data has shown us that gunfire on scho ol grounds takes many forms and mirrors the problem of gun violence in America (The Long, Shameful List). With the outburst of the violence in our country, there is not enough control or restrictions when distributing guns. Purchasing guns illegally through the black market has gotten out of hand, due to the lack of education, training, and usage of guns. The black market is a selling base, in which anyone of any age with no waiting period, no background check can purchase guns. When guns are sold to just anyone, it leads to them falling in the wrong hands. Overall, there needs to be set guidelines and restrictions to ensure the safety of our society when dealing with the purchase of guns. For so long school has been viewed as a safe place for kids to go have fun with friends and most importantly get an education. Lately, the concern over the horrifying violence happening in schools has arisen many issues and taken tolls on many parents and school administrations. Kids no longer feel that schools are their safe place anymore. 2018 had the greatest number of incidents since 1970, with 82 recorded incidents. 2018 was the highest year for the number of victims killed, including the shooter, with 51 killed (Staff, CS, The K-12 School Shooting). School violence is rising each year, and schools continue to lack the proper safety and high precautions are not being put into play. Schools and universities in the United States are to have a very appealing look: with multiple buildings, entrances, exits, and big windows. With this designs, there becomes protection challenges for many schools. Schools must recognize the importance of good maintenance, good construction, good desig n, and a fair and equal management style of school operation (Improve School Entrance Security). With including proper safety elements. Having a secure entrance can increase safety; preventing unauthorized entry and detect a potential attacker at first hand. Allowing visitors to enter the school there needs to be a protocol or screening on every visitor the school receives. Also having monitors at all interior/exterior doors and making sure they are closed and locked. Proper staff monitoring of arrival, during school, and dismissal: Properly trained and equipped staff must be assigned to monitor activities during these staff periods. This involves training on intruder response, reverse evacuation and staff should be equipped with radio communications and have the ability to call 911 (Improve School Entrance Security). A security plan should be something every school should have which include, all information on any attack or situation a school might encounter. Having what to do, what to say, how to handle any type of situation that could occur. This information should be easily accessible to every teacher or administrator in the building. Practicing security drills is as important as practicing fire drillsboth are emergencies. Staff and students should know the difference in their roles. (Reta Security, 10 Tips for School Security). Most schools encounter lows budgets, therefore, funds should be used wisely balancing needs and wants but an increased need in security and safety. Risk is reduced not just with gadgets and guards but with a disciplined program of management, deterrence, detection, delay, response, mitigation that is measured, tested and drilled. Funding should be prioritized and allocated so that the individual school or district improves uniformly from poor to fair to good to excelle ntjust like a remedial program for a student that has fallen behind (Reta Security, 10 Tips for School Security). Schools need to prioritize what the important goal of school is, keeping kids safe all hours of the day while maintaining a good education. School violence is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed in this country. The United States is now known as a country that specializes in violence and for our country to be known for that raises red flags. What can we do to prevent any more casualties of students, parents, kids? There needs to be laws that help regulate weapons and help people feel safer in school. The only action that is currently being taken is implementing more security at schools for kids to feel safe. However, implementing more security at schools isnt enough to prevent school violence. Actual laws and easy access to purchasing armed weapons will prevent school violence. There needs to be an actual change towards how easy it is for someone to purchase a gun. Once a couple of laws are implemented about how one should purchase a gun, it could potentially lower the rate of school violence because not many people will have the ability to go out and buy a gun with ease. School violence is an issue that needs to be focused on right away. There have already been too many casualties with this issue and we dont want anymore.

Internship Reflective Essay Samples

Internship Reflective Essay SamplesInternship reflective essay samples are some of the many things that the writers do as an intensive part of their course work. They are basically, the creative means through which the writers get used to do what is called the reflective writing.The reflective essay samples are those in which the writers get to write on a unique topic. This is done either from their studies and as an analytical research for the assignments. If the essay is on a subject on which they are especially knowledgeable then the writer will have to do a lot of analysis and try to find out the most probable ways of understanding the topic. If the essay is only reflective in the way that it contains facts and information then it is better if the writer has to do a little bit of critical thinking as well.The reflective essay is a good idea if you want to write a long-form essay. It is easier to write a reflective essay than a long essay. A reflective essay may also be a good ide a if you are really motivated. You do not have to worry about being overly precise if you want to give a long form reflective essay.The reflective essay is one of the best ways for the writers to practice what they know or have learnt. The writer usually takes a long time to get used to writing long-form essays but they really do get used to it in time. A reflective essay is not really written by the writer but rather by the reflective writing software. The reflective writing software not only gives the writer a few examples but also gives them examples of what they can do and how they can modify the essay accordingly. The reflective writing software assists the writer in knowing how to make the essay even more reflective.The reflective essay samples that are provided by the reflective writing software are generally well written but not exactly how the essay writers want it to be. It is up to the writer to use it in a good way. The reflective writing software can also give the write r a variety of different essays which they can choose to use in the reflective essay samples.When you are looking for reflective essay samples then you can always find it on the internet. The internet provides a vast range of various reflective essay samples which are freely available. You do not have to go out and buy the reflective essay samples. The internet has already made it for you. You just have to find the right reflective essay samples for you.The reflective essay samples may not be that perfect but it gives the writer the idea of how to go about writing a reflective essay. The reflective essay samples can make the writer realise how the reflective writing process actually works. You can get an idea of how to go about writing the reflective essay with the use of the reflective writing software.

Effect Of Unethical Practices On The Workplace - 2173 Words

Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2.0 Key Points of Views and Analysis 3 2.1 Effects of Unethical Practices 4 2.2 Ethics and Code 4 2.3 Role of the Different Stakeholders Groups and Associated Values 4 2.3.1 Stakeholder Management 5 2.3.1.1 Contractors 5 2.3.1.2 Clients 5 2.3.1.3 Government 5 2.3.1.4 Unions 5 2.3.2 Workforce Management 6 2.3.3 Compliance 6 3. Conclusion 7 4. References/Bibliographies 7 1. Introduction In the past 12 weeks, I have been brought on a rollercoaster ride through the construction industry in Australia. I am amazed at the influence unions have in the industry, and while I am not a big fan of them or their actions, I have understood that they speak for the workers, fight for their welfare and rights, ensure their safety on site, and the industry cannot dispense their existence. Together with Fair Work, and the Fair Work Australia Act, Occupational Health and Safety, they shaped the industrial relations in the industry. Australia has a historical legacy of low density urban planning and car dependence. The densification of the city from urbanisation has brought about studies into shifting housing paradigm, compacting residential environment while challenging with affordable and quality housing (Alves and London, 2012), to meet the estimated 7.7 million population by 2051 (Plan Melbourne, 2014), with the intention of a 20-minutes city in mind, Plan Melbourne is conceived. I n meeting high quality housing, there is the Building Act and StateShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be An Illegal Business?1533 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is a controversial topic with a faction of the society arguing that the ancient trade should be legalized whereas the opponents insist that prostitution should be an illegal business because it is unethical. 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Jon Krakauers Into The Wild - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 940 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Into The Wild Essay Did you like this example? There are so many unexplored areas of the United States, that many trek into the unknown. Into the Wild, by Jon Krakauer tells of the true story of a young Emory graduate named Chris McCandless who sets out to survive in the wilderness of Alaska without proper preparation. He is found dead in September 1992 at the age of 24. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Jon Krakauers Into The Wild" essay for you Create order The author retells the destressing yet inspiring events that led up to Chris McCandless death. Jon Krakauer utilizes logos and ethos, vivid imagery, and anecdote to explain that McCandless journey into the dangers of Alaska was not so unusual and crazy that others have perceived it to be. One of the main reason on why Krakauer wrote this book was to show that Chris was not some reckless or arrogant kid but instead a smart, courageous man. In order to do this, Krakauer uses the rhetorical devices of logos and ethos. Krakauer notes that, Chris was an Emory Graduate where he had been a columnist for and editor for the school newspaper and distinguished himself as a history and anthropologist with a 3.72 GPA (Krakauer, 20). Krakauer does this in order to show to the audience that there was much more to Chriss story than him being completely insane. Chris was intelligent and was on the way to becoming an incredibly successful man. This shows a side of Chris that appeals to peoples logos and makes them think differently of this boy. The question that then pops into ones mind is, How could such a bright kid make such a thoughtless mistake? This intrigues the reader and keeps them immersed in the book. An example of ethos is in the fourth chapter of the novel where Krakauer describes Chris on his two-month journey in the United States. He mentions how McCandlesss parents hired a private detective. The investigator began an extensive search, and finally found information in December, he learned from an inspection of tax records that Chris had given away his college fund to OXFAM. (Krakauer 31). The fact that Chris donated his college fund to charity also casts him in a gracious,moral light. The ironic thing is that OXFAM is an organization dedicated to feeding starving people, and that Chris McCandless died of starvation. Either way, this appeal to ethos also makes people view Chris in a better light, perhaps to make them feel like he was a great person. Another reason that Krakauer decided to write this novel is to show the audience who do not understand Chriss motives or are unsure to whether empathize or pity him, the reason why Chris had to go to Alaska. In the second chapter of Into the Wild, Krakauer begins describing the beautiful landscape of Alaska. Krakauers detailed and graphic diction brings the state of Alaska to life. Krakauer adds an epilogue from White Fang by Jack London to describe the weather conditions and add to the imagery in the chapter. The landscape consisted of a Dark spruce forest frowned on either side the frozen waterway. The trees had been stripped by a recent wind of their white covering of frost (9). Alaska is described as the Wild, the savage, frozenhearted Northland Wild (9). The author adds the epilogue from White Fang to help the readers better visualize the arctic and freezing wilderness of Alaska. The description creates a life-like image of the territory in the mind of the readers. Jon Krakauer makes use of dramatic imagery in order to effectively emit the authors perspective of Alaska, give background information on the setting of McCandless whereabouts, and make the readers feel as if they are freezing in the numbing cold of the Alaskan wilderness too. McCandless strategically planned his expedition across the country, starting by completely shredding his identity. But it begs the question why? Why would someone give up their whole entire existence to live in solitude? Was it arrogance or was he an unrealistic idealist? What Christopher McCandless represents is solely up for interpretation. How the audience interprets this story is up the individual who is reading the book. McCandless had always dreamed of just getting lost in the Alaska terrain but little did he know that would be his last adventure. While reading about McCandless life and death, one can almost claim that McCandless purposely did what he did in order for his story to be told. He left his writings in hope that one day someone will find them. However, it is held that McCandless had no intention of dying in the bus. One will never know what his plan was after leaving Alaska, and if he ever even planned to leave Alaska. Krakauer includes his own anecdote to show that he understands what Chris went through because he went through a similar situation as well. He uses it in his novel in order to prove to the audience that Chris is not crazy since he isnt either. The hint of what was concealed in those shadows terrified. In sight of something in the glimpse, some forbidden and elemental riddle. (Krakauer 156). Both Chris and Krakauer were both at one point in their lives searching for something in the wild, which made his tone in the novel empathetic. Krakauer proposes this argument in order to prove to the audience that McCandless was not insane for having this adventure due to the fact that Krakauer himself was not for having his. Author Jon Krakauer effectively utilizes rhetorical devices such as logos and ethos, imagery, and anecdote in the novel Into the Wild in order to convince the audience that Chris McCandless was not the type of person, people made him out to be.

Latin America a Legacy of Oppression - 2140 Words

Latin America: A Legacy of Oppression When the Europeans first arrived in Latin America, they didnt realize the immensity of their actions. As history has proven, the Europeans have imposed many things on the Latin American territory have had a long, devastating effect on the indigenous people. In the centuries after 1492, Europeans would control much of South America and impose a foreign culture upon the already established civilizations that existed before their arrival. These imposed ideas left the continent weak and resulted in the loss of culture, the dependence on European countries, and a long standing ethnic tension between natives and settlers which is evident even to this day. The indigenous people of South America, which†¦show more content†¦Once this ruling European presence pulled out of Latin America, the developing need for the presence became evident. After the Christianization of native Latin America, the general population had moved away from indigenous traditions and more towards European cultural aspects which caused a great dependency on European countries. The economic system that elite Latin Americans obviously associated with progress was European capitalism (Burns 9). One part of this dependency included an unjust economical system based on Capitalistic trade with European countries. One periodical described the economic system of the time as, an unbalanced and asymmetrical system. It is based on monopolies sustained by dominant groups and nations (Ribeiro). In this case, the dominant nations would include England, Spain, and Portugal and their victims would be the collective native people of Latin America. The same article continues to say, As far as homogenized powers enforce readjustment on the powerless around market dealings, it is evident that coercion is exercised by the strongest on the weak (Ribeiro). Through th is unbalanced economic system, European countries kept Latin America on the line between extreme poverty and mediocrity. The implication that another economically dominant country can impose their beliefs onShow MoreRelated Latin America: A Legacy of Oppression Essay2151 Words   |  9 Pages Latin America: A Legacy of Oppression When the Europeans first arrived in Latin America, they didn’t realize the immensity of their actions. As history has proven, the Europeans have imposed many things on the Latin American territory have had a long, devastating effect on the indigenous people. In the centuries after 1492, Europeans would control much of South America and impose a foreign culture upon the already established civilizations that existed before their arrival. These imposed ideasRead MoreHegemony, Resistance, Revolt Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesThe conquest of Latin America was a fairly quick process in which the theme of hegemony was vastly prominent. The cultures of colonialism and competitive nature to obtain wealth through exploitation were the main driving force of hegemony. It is natural to exploit the people of lower class or societal rank for ones own advantage, and that is what happened. As the pressure of power and control became overbearing toward the people, resistance was sure to fo llow. Looking at todays societyRead MoreThe Problem Of Gang Violence1356 Words   |  6 Pagesgreat problem in El Salvador in the last 30 years. Gangs have grown into large, complex organized crime units; the two largest gangs, MS13 (also known as Mara Salvatrucha 13) and Barrio18 (also known as Calle18), now encompass large parts of Central America. Both gangs rely heavily on local drug-peddling, which drives most of the general gang violence. The desire for control over certain areas had forged a fierce rivalry, in which civilians are often endangered when caught in the crossfire. In 2014,Read MoreBiography Of Ernesto Che 1545 Words   |  7 Pagestravel through South America like they planned in their childhood. They spent a total of seven months traveling through Argentina, Chile, Peru, and finally Venezuela. It was during this time that he observed several things that he never experienced before. He witnessed prevalent poverty and oppression faced by the majority of people inclu ding Indians still living in many of the areas of these countries. He blamed most of these problems on capitalist misuse of South America. When Ernesto returnedRead MorePost Independence, The Western Hemisphere1571 Words   |  7 Pagesdefined as the process of building or rebuilding state institutions to create a sustainable and legitimate state, became widespread . When Latin America got involved in nation-state building, territorial expansion brought about social issues with the lingering Spanish-Portuguese colonial influence and hierarchical distinctions based on race. Colonial legacies were partially responsible for why economic standing was associated with cultural background; this relationship contributed to conserved inequalityRead MoreThe Butterflies, By Latin American Women And Maria, Full Of Grace1128 Words   |  5 Pages In Malinche to In The Time of the Butterflies, all written by Latin American women and Maria, Full of Grace directed Joshua Marston, the women struggle with survival in various circumstances of abuse.Violence is created within patriarchal societies that sponsor inactiveness and reliance. Customary religious sophistication, where the Virgin Mary mentors, is unsure and slanted, discouraging sex and depreciatingwomen who boycott the recognized standards. Patriarchal pugnaciousness has grave psychologicalRead MoreP resident Franklin Roosevelt And The United States1699 Words   |  7 PagesDuring a 1928 goodwill speech in Latin America, President Herbert Hoover said, â€Å"We have a desire to maintain not only the cordial relations of governments with each other, but also the relations of good neighbors† (United States History). Hence, the Good Neighbor phrase was coined as the Coolidge Administration was criticized for armed intervention in Latin America. The Hoover Administration’s policies were created to strengthen relations with Latin America; for instance the retraction of the TheodoreRead MoreThe Participation Of The German Identity During World War II1228 Words   |  5 Pagessince the defeat of Axis powers in 1945, historians have repeatedly criticized the ex-ecutive order of Franklin D. Roosevelt that legalized racist targeting of Japanese-Americans dur-ing World War II. Due to such intense scrutiny, unfair wartime oppression against the Japanese has been widely public ized. On the other hand, forced relocation of German-Americans to in-ternment camps in Texas and other relatively rural states, often to a greater extent in its magni-tude and scope, has been disregardedRead MoreFidel Castro And His Legacy2042 Words   |  9 Pages8 Chandler Dixon English 1101 Final Paper December 13, 2016 Fidel Castro and His Legacy Was Fidel Castro the Tyrant of the Caribbean or a Great Revolutionary? With the recent death of one of the Western Hemisphere?s most recognizable rulers, the question arises as to the legacy of Castro and his Cuba. Castro is well known among the Baby-Boomers and Generation X citizens of the United States and Latin America. While in the United States we are taught one view of Castro as a tyrant, many citizensRead MoreSummary Of Writing A Case Of Reparations 946 Words   |  4 Pageswriting, A Case of Reparations, he states that reparation is a means of full acceptance of our collective biography and its consequences, and is the price we must pay to see ourselves squarely; Perhaps no statistic better illustrates the enduring legacy of our country s shameful history of treating black people as sub-citizens, sub-Americans, and sub-humans than the wealth gap. Reparations would seek to close this chasm. There are three major aspects in Coates’ article that have caught my att ention:

Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri - 866 Words

Interpreter of Maladies is a short story written in 1999 by Jhumpa Lahiri. She writes about an Indian couple who live in America and take a vacation to India. While on vacation Mrs. Das realizes that she does love her husband and her family after speaking to the cab driver. She realizes this when she sees her son get attacked by a group of monkeys at the end of the story. The tone of this story is complex and negative and the setting of the story is taking place in India while the Das family are on vacation. â€Å"Lahiri crisscrosses the continents, taking us from the beautiful city of Boston after a snowstorm, to a sun temple in the middle of India and back to staid university towns in other parts of America. Her settings, her weather and her sharp repartee are as familiar as the aroma of Indian food.† (ProQuest1) When introducing the characters, the narrator focuses more on the negative aspects of each character in the story. Mr. Das is obsessed with his new camera, Mrs. Das is bored with her family and the tour they are on and their kids are irritating. Mr. Kapasi is introduced as a man who has failed at things, lost his son, not a great job, and has an unhappy marriage. Interpreter of Maladies is written in a third persons’ view. Lahiri uses several writing techniques that complements her unique and influential writing style like Irony, Similes, and Imagery. Communication is a very important skill to have when in a relationship. In the story Interpreter of Maladies there isShow MoreRelatedThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri870 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigrants have to endure in order to achieve success in a new place. Two of the best representations of how Americans are observed when in a foreign country. The author of â€Å"The Interpreter of Maladies is Jhumpa Lahiri. Born in London and raised in Rhode Island, Jhumpa, whose real name is Nilanjana Sudheshna Lahiri. Jhumpa is a nickname given by her family. â€Å"Jesus Shavesà ¢â‚¬  author David Sedaris comes from a his middle-class upbringing in the suburbs of Raleigh, North Carolina, his Greek heritageRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri2176 Words   |  9 PagesIn â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies†, Jhumpa Lahiri uses both art and language as symbols of the difficulty of belonging when stuck between two or more cultures. Born in London from Indian parents, then raised in the United States, Lahiri puts in this story her own feeling or removal into the characters: The Das, visiting a country that has become more foreign than homely; and Mr. Kapasi, who struggles to claim his identity through language and translation. Bilbro argues that a lot of Lahiri scholarhipRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1962 Words   |  8 PagesInterpreter of Maladies is a collection of fictional short stories by highly acclaimed author Jhumpa Lahiri. 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We can see this throughout the behaviors that the Das family expresses in theirRead MoreThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1515 Words   |  7 Pageswell as how we behave and think. In the many short stories inside The Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri, Lahiri effectively describes the difficulties that immigrants have adapting to American culture. The characters of the short stories bring their culture to their lives in America, while getting a taste of a new culture. Although some people may believe culture does not have a lasting effect on one’s way of life, Lahiri shows, wherever one may travel, one’s culture will always follow. ThisRead MoreThe Interpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1117 Words   |  5 Pagesmusic, and art. It seems as if culture influences the wa y humans learn and live. These practices are important to one’s being because it is the shaper of our own personality, as well as how we behave and think. In the novel The Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri, Lahiri efficiently describes the difficulties that immigrants have relating their culture, with the distinct American culture there being exposed to. The culture that the characters of the short stories practice, has an effect on theRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1284 Words   |  6 Pagesfor couples to share the blame for issues that arise. However, through the stories in Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri it becomes clear that there is often one one individual who insights these problems. In â€Å"A Temporary Matter†, the main character, Shukumar, is mourning the his child who was stillborn and allowing his insecurities to distance him from his wife, Shoba. The story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† describe the crisis of a mid dle aged man, Mr. Kapsi, whose unsupportive marriage causesRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1825 Words   |  8 Pageskey to survival. In Interpreter of Maladies, a collection of short stories by Jhumpa Lahiri, different fictional characters are used to bring the reader into the Indian culture, and show how each individual’s stories affect the others. Through these stories, she presents the reader with the idea that change is what you make of it, and changing while not always a choice is important to the way each person lives their lives. Through characters like Mrs.Sen, and Mr. Pirzada, Lahiri conveys the strugglesRead MoreInterpreter Of Maladies By Jhumpa Lahiri1271 Words   |  6 PagesIn the story â€Å"Interpreter of Maladies† by Jhumpa Lahiri, it begins with an interpreter and tour guide Mr. Kapasi who is responsible for taking the Das family to the Sun Temple at Konarak. Mr. and Mrs. Das is a young Indian couple that was born and raised in the states and dresses like foreigners along with their children Tina, Ronny, and Bobby. Mr. Kapasi has a wife and a seven-year-old son who died because of an illness, typhoid. 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Managing Finance Principles and Techniques NML

Question: Describe about the Managing Finance Principles and Techniques of NML? Answer: Importance of costs in pricing strategy of NML Costs are important in pricing system as it provide NML to assess the price of the different products at overall profit or making profit separately. As stated by Berry and Jarvis (2005), costing method in NML is different comparing to others. Company used least square method of costing technique as there are three different products in its portfolio. Therefore, company has to deal with many mixed cost that are hidden in production of three products (Drury, 2009). In this context, NML is using the cost based pricing staretgy where all the costs are segregated into variable cost and fixed cost, thus introducing the cost based on flexible activity in operation (Glynn etal. 2003). Total Cost 7000 8000 9000 Units 200 300 400 Break Even 35 26.66667 22.5 Selling price (if Profit = 20%) 42 32 27 It can be analysed that by applying the cost based pricing, the selling price shows different value for different cost units. In order to gain a profit of 20%, the company might have to fix selling price of 42 for each product in order to cover the total cost of 7000. Therefore, it is similar for other costs. Design of a costing system and proposed improvements in costing and pricing system A costing system may be designed on basis of activities in the operation. The system is widely used in production as it provides the company opportunity of defining its costing method according to the activities (Harris and Sollis, 2003). The limitation that is associated with the existing costing system is that it may limit the ability of the company to price their product in different market segments. On the other hand, unrealized profit or revenue would be substantial. Moreover, the future demand for any particular product may not be accounted under this method. Activities Level of output Cost in Total Cost in Activity 1 200 **** Activity 2 300 **** Activity 3 400 **** Activity 4 500 **** **** Table 1: format for activity-based costing The system adapted by NML might be improved if it is changed into an activity based costing. Due to presence of costing details of every activity of different levels, it would be easier for the managers to control the cost of overall production (de Jong et al. 2013). By employing ABC method, the company would be receiving reliable and accurate results regarding costs. Moreover, the overheads that comprise variable costs and fixed costs can be controlled by effective monitoring and controlling of activities. Therefore, effective decision can be made by the firm relating to product lines profitability. Recommendations of proposals for improving the existing system Form the point of view of costing system, it is recommended that company must follow a controlling system so that cost can be controlled in many stages and thus increasing the operating margin. In order to improve the existing costing system, the company can adopt policy of competition based pricing. It will help the company in finalizing the product price after careful analysis of prices fixed by competitors. Once the product costs are calculated then the company can fix the price of their each product. Therefore, weakness of cost based pricing of the company can be overcome by adopting competition based pricing. Forecasting techniques for revenue and cost As stated in the problem, the forecasted increase in some financial matters has changed the financial statement of company. Due to change in sales and cost of sales, the increase in operating profit has gone up by 24.66%. Unchanged interest cost in coming year provides the company to post a better PAT in 2015 as estimated. According to Lin (2012), cost can be reduced by controlling the interest cost of borrowings. Further, rising in net working capital as projected, shows the way of reducing the cost of short-term loan. 2014 2015E turnover 300 330 cost of sales (deducting depreciation) 164 180.4 operating profit 120 149.6 24.66667 interest cost 30 30 pretax profit 90 119.6 corporation tax 24 28 profit after tax 66 91.6 proposed dividend 44 48.4 retained earnings 26 43.2 Table 2: forecasting of revenue and cost The forecasting techniques that can be used by the company are moving averages and time series analysis. By using moving averages, the company would be successful to smooth the financial data and it will be easy for the company to spot trend. As a result of that, they would be known whether they will be making profit or loss in future. On the other hand, time series analysis can be effective in forecasting the revenue and costs in future by studying the historical data of the company. Therefore, on the basis of forecast, the company can make effective decision for their business. Assessment of funding method of expansion program ABZ Ltd Retained earnings: The Company can finance their expansion program by using their retained earnings. It is seen that in 2014, the company has a retained earnings of 26 million in 2014. Therefore, it can be used and by using it company may not be paying any interest to others. Banks: The financial institution can be other source to gain funds. The company can borrow money as per their requirement. However, the company has to deposit any assets as a security. On the other hand, the company can also go overdraft in order to fund their expansion program. Appropriate budgetary target for the company in next year The budgetary targets that have been selected for each of the products that are PS and TG of NML are variable costs, fixed costs and sales production. Through sales production, the company will know how much production has been made in next year in comparison to last year. Similarly, variable and fixed costs can also be studied to know much costs have incurred for each of the product. Budgetary sales unit for PS is 5000 units while opening inventory of that product is 100 units. Further, closing inventory of PS is 1100 units. Therefore, estimated units to be produced are (5000-100+1100) = 6000 units for PS in the certain period. sales and production budget: master budget The following table shows the master budget of company: PS TG Budgeted Sales 5000 1000 Required Closing Inventory 1100 50 Opening Inventory 100 50 Budgeted Production In Units 6000 1000 Selling Price 95 130 Sales Revenue 570000 130000 Variable Cost 75 85 Total Variable Cost 450000 85000 Total Fixed Cost 35000 15000 Net Income 85000 30000 Table 3: Production and sales budget It can be discussed that, the PS product will generate an income of 85000 with a total cost of 485000. Moreover, it is seen that the selling price is low in comparison to selling price of product TG. Therefore, the income that would be generated from product TG is 30000. However, it can also be noticed that, production unit of TG is less than PS due to that income and cost is less. Comparison of actual expenditure and income to master budget Actual Budgeted Income Variance Sales 4000 5000 1000 Selling Price 96 95 -1 Production 6500 6000 -500 Sales Revenue 624000 570000 -54000 Total Cost 485000 485000 0 Income 139000 85000 -54000 Actual and estimated income of PS Actual Budgeted Income Variance Sales 900 1000 100 Selling Price 125 130 5 Production 950 1000 50 Sales Revenue 118750 130000 11250 Total Cost 100000 100000 0 Income 18750 30000 11250 Actual and estimated income of TG It is seen that company has generated an income of 54000 more as per the prepared budgeted income. Therefore, product PS provided a better value to the company. The company has increased the selling price by 1 unit due to increase in the total cost. As a result, the 130000 income has been generated from the sale of PS. On the other hand, the company has witnessed a loss of 11250 from the sale of TG. The reason is decline in the sales value and production. Moreover, there is no decline in the value of total cost due to that there is significant loss of income. Impact of monitoring budgetary policy As stated by Burger and Hawkesworth (2013), preparing a budget does not make any sense as management needs to control all financial aspects as per the budget produced at the starting of the year. Therefore, monitoring of budget is an exceptional tool in this segment as it provides the management to have control over the various activities of operation. In order to monitor the budget of the company, the management has counted on variance analysis. Both favourable variances and adverse variances are known by the management. Therefore, it helps in identifying possible gap in actual figures and budgeted figures. It is true that systematic observation provides control over the deviation from the estimated figure. Moreover, financial experts are hired for monitoring budget (cipfa.org.uk, 2015). Recommended process for cost reduction From the given problem, NML may apply the process of reduction of holding inventory for lesser days as it will reduce the cost of materials in revenue account. In order to have a better control over the cost, the management can count on Total Quality Management. It will help in increasing the productivity of the company through effective management of costs. Therefore, the company can witness quality production with minimum utilization of cost. Value Analysis can be other recommendation which will be helpful in enhancing the work effectiveness. Through this, the management can identify extra or unnecessary costs that are bear by the company. As a result, the company will receive quality and better production. Activity based costing for company The activity-based costing may be used in NML in evaluating the costing of the company. It provides the means of controlling the cost of every activity mainly for a longer period of production (aat.co.uk, 2015). Through employing ABC method, activities that are related with the production process can be effectively identified. Moreover, each costs can be also be identified such as direct material, direct labour, overhead costs, etc that usually not considered. On the other hand, the cost driver can also be calculated by using ABC method such as machine hours, testing hours, labour cost, etc. Investment appraisal Financial appraisal methods for the projects and justified decision The appraisal method of selecting the project is normally considered as the quantitative approach of assessing the future of investment so that risk associated with the investment becomes low. This is the main strategy applied by the investors in a long-term perspective (Bized.co.uk, 2015). As stated by White et al. (2003), different techniques of assessments are applicable for different objectives of the investment and on project basis. In this context, net present value (NPV) method is applied for evaluating the investment decision between two projects A and B. The NPV estimation of project A provides that investment will yield 207357.24 after five years of investment and at the same for the project B will be 309806.15. Therefore, from the first look any investor will go for the project B, while it is true that the sum invested in this project is more than that of the project A. Thus, another method is necessary where irrespective of sum of the invested sum; only on basis of period of investment the rate of return might be calculated. Thereby, no decision can be made from this technique of appraisal. option A Year cash flow NPV 0 -400000 $207,357.24 1 100000 2 140000 3 180000 4 210000 5 230000 option B Year cash flow NPV 0 -950000 $309,806.15 1 250000 2 300000 3 350000 4 400000 5 450000 Table 5: Investment appraisal using NPV methods Evaluation of two options between A and B option A Year cash flow NPV IRR ARR 0 -400000 $207,357.24 27% outflow 40000 1 100000 return from investment 860000 2 140000 rate of return 20.5 3 180000 4 210000 5 230000 option B Year cash flow NPV IRR ARR 0 -950000 $309,806.15 22% outflow 95000 1 250000 return from investment 1750000 2 300000 rate of return 17.42105 3 350000 4 400000 5 450000 Table 6: Investment appraisal using IRR and ARR method From the above table, it might be observed that project A and B are appraised using the IRR and ARR method where both methods state that investors must go for the project A as the project B yields low rate of return within the period. Project A has tested better result from the both method so decision can be taken for making investment for this project. Further, it is recommended that project A is better looking in terms of assessing techniques still now so company must go for it. Report on appropriateness of strategic investment decision Investment decision making is important approach for any business to enhance their business and acknowledge growth. It is observed that only quantitative method of appraising is considered while the risk associated with the projects are not being assessed. Therefore, without knowing the facts on the qualitative information of the project risk associated cannot be evaluated. Further, the macroeconomic changes and risk associated with economic factors are always a concern for making the investment decision (Askarany et al. 2012). In this context, it is observed that two projects are not of same type therefore, macroeconomic risks associated with those are not same. Further, business risk is a main factor in assessing the projects investment decision so that company might be able to make decision on investment. Strategically it may be said that company might select the project B as it provides the company to invest more money providing more utility of unused investment fund whereas in project A, the total sum of investment is low thereby; it cannot fully utilized the investment fund (companies-house.gov.uk, 2015). Financial analysis Analysis of financial statements As per the variance analysis between two financial year data of the NML group which is certain growth in the revenue turnover of the company is around 3.45% and because of the huge number of dividends proposed by the company retained earnings on the company is showing negative figures in the statement of variance analysis of the company. The company is able is acquired 0.71% net assets increment in the financial year 2014 whereas the reserve of the company is showing growth of the 1.10% in the year 2014 respectively. According to the overall variance analysis of the company the company is showing stable situation which is in growth than the financial year 2013. Financial ratio analysis of NML According to the ratio analysis of the company NML is measured to understand the actual position of the organization in the market. The current ratio of the company is mainly depends on the measurement of the earning capacity of the company which is 1.707 and 1.709 in the year 2014 and 2013. The gross profit margin of the company is also shows the percentage of the 30% and 28.44% in the year 2014 and 2013 and also the net profit margin of the NML group is 22% and 20.87% respectively. The inventory turnover of the company NML is showing ratio of the 2.5 and the 2.9 in the financial year 2014 and 2013. The return on equity ratio which is coming 0.33 and 0.30 which is company gaining from the investment of the owned capital in the companys operational activities. Recommendations on strategic portfolio of NML As per the financial details provided by the company in a particular financial year which is 2013 and 2014; It is showing that company is more focusing in the proposing dividends for the company which is good for the portfolio of the company in front of the investors who are willing to invest their money in the shares of the company because of the higher dividend earnings ratio. The company NML group is not able to retained the earnings for the financial year 2014 but company will be grow in the coming financial because of the huge investment finance from the investors who attracts because of the proposed dividend of the company. Reference lists Books Berry A and Jarvis R Accounting in a Business Context, (2005) (Cengage Learning EMEA) ISBN 1844802515 Drury C Management Accounting for Business, (2009) (Cengage Learning EMEA) ISBN 1408017717 Glynn J, Perrin J, Murphy M and Abraham A (2003) Accounting for Managers, 3rd Edition (Thomson Learning) ISBN 186152904X Harris R and Sollis R (2003) Applied Time Series Modelling and Forecasting (John Wiley and Sons) ISBN 0470844434 White G I, Sondhi A C and Fried D (2003) The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements, 3rd Edition (John Wiley and Sons) ISBN 0471375942 Journals de Jong, M., van Beek, I. and Posthumus, R. (2013). Introducing accountable budgeting.OECD Journal on Budgeting, 12(3), pp.1-34. Lin, W. (2012). Financial performance and customer service: An examination using activity-based costing of 38 international airlines.Journal of Air Transport Management, 19, pp.13-15. Burger, P. and Hawkesworth, I. (2013). Capital budgeting and procurement practices.OECD Journal on Budgeting, 13(1), pp.57-104. Askarany, D., Brierley, J. and Yazdifar, H. (2012). The effect of innovation characteristics on activity-based costing adoption.International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 4(3), p.291. Websites aat.co.uk, (2015). Available from: https://www.aat.co.uk [Accessed on: 11 Apr. 2015]. Bized.co.uk, (2015).Business studies teaching and education resources: Biz/ed. Available from: https://www.bized.co.uk [Accessed on: 11 Apr. 2015]. cipfa.org.uk, (2015). Available from: https://www.cipfa.org.uk [Accessed on: 11 Apr. 2015]. companies-house.gov.uk, (2015). Available from: https://www.companies-house.gov.uk [Accessed on: 11 Apr. 2015].

Renaissance Man Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Man Essay Florida Institute of Technology Civilizations I Professor Lusty December 15, 2012 Think about the qualities of a Renaissance Man. Choose a man/woman/profession from the late 20th (or early 21st) century even someone still alive today that you think encompasses the spirit of the Renaissance ideal, and give 2 specific areas/ aspects that connect to this ideal. Be as specific as you can. What are the qualities of a renaissance man? His drawings of a fetus in utter, the heart and vascular system, sex organs, and other bone and muscular structures, are some of the first on human record. One of dad Vines last commissioned works was a mechanical lion that could walk and open its chest to reveal a bouquet of lilies. Leonardo dad Vinci was a Florentine artist, one of the great masters of the high renaissance, he was also celebrated as a painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and scientist. His intense love for knowledge and research was the keynote of both his artistic and scientific endeavors. His innovations in the field of painting influenced the course of Italian art for more than a century after his death, and his scientific studies-particularly in the fields of anatomy, optics, and hydraulics anticipated many of the developments of modern science. Leonardo was born on April 15, 1452, in the small Tuscan town of Vinci, near Florence. He was the son of a wealthy Florence notary and a peasant women. In the mid-asses the dad Vinci family settled in Florence. In Florence Leonardo was given the best education that Florence could offer. He was a fine musician and improviser. In about 1466 he was apprenticed as a garbanzo (studio boy) to Andrea del Veronica, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Veronicas workshop Leonardo was introduced to many activities, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In the year 1472 he was entered in the painters guide of Florence, and in 1476 he was still mentioned as Veronicas assistant. In Veronicas Baptism of Christ, the kneeling angel at the left of the painting is by Leonardo dad Vinci. In the year 1478 Leonardo became an independent master. His first large painting the Adoration of the Magi, left unfinished, was ordered in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donation a Scope, Florence. Other works ascribed to his youth are the so-called Bennie Madonna, the portrait Gingers De Bench and the unfinished Saint Jerome. In about 1482 dad Vinci entered the service of the duke of Milan. Having written the duke an astonishing letter in which he stated that he could build portable bridges; that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons; that he could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults, and other war machines; ND that he could execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. He served as principal engineer in the dukes numerous military enterprises and was active as an architect. Evidence indicates that dad Vinci had apprentices and pupils in Milan, for whom he probably wrote the various texts later complied as treatise on painting. The most important of his own painting during the Milan period was the Virgin of the The last supper: From 1495 to 1497 he labored on his masterpiece The Last Supper. Unfortunately, him experimenting of the use of oil on dry plaster was technically unsound, and by he asses its distortion had begun since 1726 attempts to restore have been made but not very successful; a concerted restoration and conservation program was begun in abandon its reversing some of damage however most of the original surface is gone. .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af , .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .postImageUrl , .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af , .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:hover , .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:visited , .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:active { border:0!important; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:active , .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4cac27d67ba0c4c6eb75cb13a82f66af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Introduction Renaissance Reformation (Ch. 1)The Mona Lisa: Leonardo dad Vines well-known painting, and arguably the most famous painting in the world, the Mona Lisa was a privately commissioned work and was completed sometime between the years 1 505 1507. James black, an art historian at Columbia University, once explained It is the inherent spirituality of the human creature that Leonardo was able to in genuine to the picture that rises the human figure to some kind of majesty. It has been said that the Mona Lisa had Jaundice, that she was a pregnant women that she wasnt a women at all, but a man in drag. Based on accounts from an early biographer said that the Mona Lisa is a picture of Lisa Giaconda, the real-life wife off merchant, buts thats far from certain. For Leonardo dad Vinci however the Mona Lisa is forever a work in progress, as it was his attempt at perfection. The painting was never was never delivered to its commissioner because Leonardo kept it with him until the end of his life. Today the Mona Lisa hangs in the Louvre museum in Paris, France secured behind bullet proof glass and is regarded as a priceless national treasure. Artist: Ever the perfectionist, Leonardo turned to science in the quest to improve his artwork. His study of nature and anatomy emerged in his stunningly realistic paintings, and his dissections of the human body paved the way for remarkably accurate figures. He was the first artist to study the physical proportions of men, women and children and to use these studies to determine the ideal human figure. Unlike many of his contemporaries Michelangelo for example he didnt get aired away and paint ludicrously muscular bodies, which he referred to as bags of nuts. All in all, Leonardo believed that the artist must know not Just the rules of perspective, but all the laws of nature. The eye, he believed, was the perfect instrument for learning these laws, and the artist the perfect person to illustrate them. Inventor: Levers and Gears Leonardo recognized that levers and gears, when applied properly, could accomplish astonishing tasks. Gears were at the heart of nearly all his inventions, from the crane to the helicopter to the automatic turnips. Defense contractor Like any rational human, Leonardo abhorred war he called it beastly madness but since Renaissance Italy was constantly at war he couldnt avoid it. He designed numerous weapons, including missiles, multi-barreled machine guns, grenades, an underwater breathing device, which he refused to reveal, saying that men would likely use it for evil in war. Scientist Roy Anatomy One cannot exaggerate the unpleasantness of Leonardo anatomy studies. Cadavers are already pretty awful, even when refrigerated and pickled in formaldehyde, but Renaissance Italy had no such niceties. Leonardo, in his fervor for knowledge, held nettles creepy vigils with the local corpses, and their annoying tendency to decay forced him to work as quickly as possible. He described it as living through the night hours in the company of quartered and flayed corpses fearful to behold, but as usual his curiosity pushed him ever onward. Tell-The features Alas, even Leonardo fell for some bogus theories. He was fascinated by the study of physiognomy, the science of evaluating a persons character by his or her facial features. Although utter codswallop, physiognomy was all the rage until the beginning of this century, when scientists finally chucked it once and for all.

The Right Approach to Writing a College Essay About Beauty

The Right Approach to Writing a College Essay About BeautyMany people are turning to Ivy College, after being unsuccessful in their regular English college essays about beauty. Ivy College offers students from all over the world, a different perspective in how to write a college essay about beauty.You see, many students are struggling to write an essay that will show their classmates their passion for this topic, since it's an interesting topic, that most people never discuss in school. At other times, they feel like it's very difficult to write an essay about beauty, since it's an intensely personal subject. Thus, they choose to either drop out of school or give up altogether.As you read my first paragraph, you may be thinking to yourself, 'My friend is failing her essay on beauty. Why don't you help her?' Indeed, here are a few tips that can help you.First, determine which writing styles are best for your essay. Some people get intimidated when it comes to essay writing. So when I say 'writing styles', I mean how you choose to go about outlining your essay.To start with, if you prefer to outline to a written book, then do it this way. Start with a picture. Maybe you remember that beachside resort where you were so beautiful you cried tears of laughter. That's a good place to start.After that, write the 'whole' of your essay, which is the essay you actually want to finish writing. I strongly recommend that you write the essay in a specific order, so you can ensure that the important parts are mentioned first, and the less important parts will come later.Since this is a topic that interests you, decide what subject matter you want to cover. I know this is controversial, but in order to make sure that you have a solid topic, you want to narrow down the topic. Just ask yourself, 'What do I want to talk about?If you feel like you cannot write a college essay about beauty, I urge you to give Ivy College, a different perspective. Give Ivy College your best shot, and your essay will be a success.

Co-Operative Banks in India Essay Example

Co-Operative Banks in India Essay A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Co-operative banks are often created by persons belonging to the same local or professional community or sharing a common interest. Co-operative banks generally provide their members with a wide range of banking and financial services (loans, deposits, banking accounts†¦). Co-operative banks differ from stockholder banks by their organization, their goals, their values and their governance. In most countries, they are supervised and controlled by banking authorities and have to respect prudential banking regulations, which put them at a level playing field with stockholder banks. Depending on countries, this control and supervision can be implemented directly by state entities or delegated to a co-operative federation or central body. All the cooperative banks share common features : †¢ Customer-owned entities: In a co-operative bank, the needs of the customers eet the needs of the owners, as co-operative bank members are both. As a consequence, the first aim of a co-operative bank is not to maximise profit but to provide the best possible products and services to its members. Some co-operative banks only operate with their members but most of them also admit non-member clients to benefit from their banking and financial services. We will write a custom essay sample on Co-Operative Banks in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Co-Operative Banks in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Co-Operative Banks in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †¢ Democratic member control: Co-operative banks are owned and controlled by their members, who democratically elect the board of directors. Members usually have equal voting rights, according to the co-operative principle of â€Å"one person, one vote†. Profit allocation: In a co-operative bank, a significant part of the yearly profit, benefits or surplus is usually allocated to constitute reserves. A part of this profit can also be distributed to the co-operative members, with legal or statutory limitations in most cases. Profit is usually allocated to members either through a patronage dividend, which is related to the use of the co-operative’s products and services by each member, or through an interest or a dividend, which is related to the number of shares subscribed by each member. HISTORY The Bank was formed in 1872 as the Loan and Deposit Department of Manchesters Co-operative Wholesale Society, becoming the CWS Bank four years later. However, the bank did not become a registered company until 1971. In 1975, the bank became the first new member of the Committee of London Clearing Banks for 40 years, and thus able to issue its own cheques. Since 1974 the Co-operative Bank has consistently offered free banking for personal customers who remain in credit. It was also the first Clearing Bank to offer an interest bearing cheque account called Cheque Save, in 1982. In 1991 the Bank shook the credit card market when it introduced a guaranteed free for life Gold Visa card. The Co-operative banks in INDIA have a history of almost 100 years. The Co-operative banks are an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are supposed to fulfil, their number, and the number of offices they operate. The co-operative movement originated in the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative banks. Co operative Banks in India are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. The cooperative bank is also regulated by the RBI. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965. Establishment of Cooperative Banks in India INTRODUCTION Co-operative banks Co-operative movement is quite well established in India. The first legislation on co-operation was passed in 1904. In 1914 the Maclagen committee envisaged a three tier structure for co-operative banking viz. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACs) at the grass root level, Central Co-operative Banks at the district level and State Co-operative Banks at state level or Apex Level. The first urban co-operative bank in India was formed nearly 100 years back in Baroda. The co-operative banks arrived in India in the beginning of 20th Century as an official effort to create a new type of institution based on the principles of co-operative organisation and management, suitable for problems peculiar to Indian conditions. These banks were conceived as substitutes for money lenders, to provide timely and adequate short-term and long-term institutional credit at reasonable rates of interest. In the formative stage Co-operative Banks were Urban Co-operative Societies run on community basis and their lending activities were restricted to meeting the credit requirements of their members. The concept of Urban Co-operative Bank was first spelt out by Mehta Bhansali Committee in 1939 which defined on Urban Co-operative Bank. Provisions of Section 5 (CCV) of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (as applicable to Co-operative Societies) defined an Urban Co-operative Bank as a Primary Co-operative Bank other than a Primary Co-operative Society was made applicable in 1966. Cooperative banking  is retail and commercial banking organized on a  cooperative  basis. Cooperative  banking institutions  take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world. Cooperative banking (for the purposes of this article), includes retail banking, as carried out by credit unions, mutual savings and loan associations, building societies and cooperatives, as well as commercial banking services provided by mutual organizations (such as cooperative federations) to cooperative businesses. The Co-operative banks has a history of almost 100 years. The Co-operative banks are an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are supposed to fulfil, their number, and the number of offices they operate. The co-operative movement originated in the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative banks. While the co-operative banks in rural areas mainly finance agricultural based activities including farming, cattle, milk, hatchery, personal finance etc. long with some small scale industries and self-employment driven activities, the co-operative banks in urban areas mainly finance various categories of people for self-employment, industries, small scale units, home finance, consumer finance, personal finance, etc. Some of the co-operative banks are quite forward looking and have developed sufficient core competencies to challenge state and private sector banks. According to NAFCUB the total deposits lendings of Co-operative Banks is much more than Old Private Sector Banks also the New Private Sector Banks. This exponential growth of Co-operative Banks is attributed mainly to their much better local reach, personal interaction with customers, their ability to catch the nerve of the local clientele. Though registered under the Co-operative Societies Act of the Respective States (where formed originally) the banking related activities of the co-operative banks are also regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965. Definition of a cooperative bank (Source  : ICBA, International Cooperative Banks Association) A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Co-operative banks are often created by persons belonging to the same local or professional community or sharing a common interest. Co-operative banks generally provide their members with a wide range of banking and financial services (loans, deposits, banking accounts†¦). Co-operative banks differ from stockholder banks by their organization, their goals, their values and their governance. In most countries, they are supervised and controlled by banking authorities and have to respect prudential banking regulations, which put them at a level playing field with stockholder banks. Depending on countries, this control and supervision can be implemented directly by state entities or delegated to a co-operative federation or central body. Even if their organizational rules can vary according to their respective national legislations, co-operative banks share common features: †¢ Customer-owned entities  : in a co-operative bank, the needs of the customers meet the needs of the owners, as co-operative bank members are both. As a consequence, the first aim of a co-operative bank is not to maximise profit but to provide the best possible products and services to its members. Some co-operative banks only operate with their members but most of them also admit non-member clients to benefit from their banking and financial services. †¢ Democratic member control  : co-operative banks are owned and controlled by their members, who democratically elect the board of directors. Members usually have equal voting rights, according to the co-operative principle of â€Å"one person, one vote†. Profit allocation  : in a co-operative bank, a significant part of the yearly profit, benefits or surplus is usually allocated to constitute reserves. A part of this profit can also be distributed to the co-operative members, with legal or statutory limitations in most cases. Profit is usually allocated to members either through a patronage dividend, which is related to the use of the co-operative’s produc ts and services by each member, or through an interest or a dividend, which is related to the number of shares subscribed by each member. Co-operative banks are deeply rooted inside local areas and communities. They are involved in local development and contribute to the sustainable development of their communities, as their members and management board usually belong to the communities in which they exercise their activities. By increasing banking access in areas or markets where other banks are less present – SMEs, farmers in rural areas, middle or low income households in urban areas co-operative banks reduce banking exclusion and foster the economic ability of millions of people. They play an influential role on the economic growth in the countries in which they work in and increase the efficiency of the international financial system. Their specific form of enterprise, relying on the above-mentioned principles of organization, has proven successful both in developed and developing countries. Larger institutions are often called  cooperative banks. Some of these banks are tightly integrated federations of credit unions, though those member credit unions may not subscribe to all nine of the strict principles of the  World Council of Credit Unions  (WOCCU). Like credit unions, cooperative banks are owned by their customers and follow the  cooperative principle  of one person, one vote. Unlike credit unions, however, cooperative banks are often regulated under both banking and cooperative legislation. They provide services such as savings and loans to non-members as well as to members, and some participate in the wholesale markets for bonds, money and even equities. [2]Many cooperative banks are traded on public  stock markets, with the result that they are partly owned by non-members. Member control is diluted by these outside stakes, so they may be regarded as semi-cooperative. Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union systems. Local branches of cooperative banks elect their own boards of directors and manage their own operations, but most strategic decisions require approval from a central office. Credit unions usually retain strategic decision-making at a local level, though they share back-office functions, such as access to the global payments system, by federating. Some cooperative banks are criticized for dilution of cooperative principles. Principles 2-4 of the  Statement on the Co-operative Identity  can be interpreted to require that members must control both the governance systems and capital of their cooperatives. A cooperative bank that raises capital on public stock markets creates a second class of shareholders who compete with the members for control. In some circumstances, the members may lose control. This effectively means that the bank ceases to be a cooperative. Accepting deposits from non-members may also lead to a dilution of member control. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COOPERATIVE BANKS 1. Co-operative Banks are organised and managed on the principal of co-operation, self-help, and mutual help. They function with the rule of one member, one vote function on no profit, no loss basis. Co-operative banks, as a principle, do not pursue the goal of profit maximisation. Co-operative bank performs all the main banking functions of deposit mobilisation, supply of credit and provision of remittance facilities. Co-operative Banks provide limited banking products and are functionally specialists in agriculture related products. However, co-operative banks now provide housing loans also. UCBs provide working capital loans and term loan as well. 2. Co-operative bank do banking business mainly in the agriculture and rural sector. However, UCBs, SCBs, and CCBs operate in semi urban, urban, and metropolitan areas also. The urban and non-agricultural business of these banks has grown over the years. The co-operative banks demonstrate a shift from rural to urban, while the commercial banks, from urban to rural. Co-operative Banks belong to the money market as well as to the capital market. Primary agricultural credit societies provide short term and medium term loans. 3. Cooperative banks in India finance rural areas under:  ·Farming  ·Cattle  ·Milk  ·Hatchery  ·Personal finance 4. Cooperative banks in India finance urban areas under:  ·Self-employment  ·Industries  ·Small scale units  ·Home finance  ·Consumer finance  ·Personal finance Co-operative Banks Types: There are two types of co-operative banks in INDIA. 1. The first is the short term lending oriented Co-operative Banks. In this category there are again three sub categories of banks which are the State Co-operative banks, District Co-operative banks and the Primary Agricultural Co-operative societies. 2. The second is the long term lending oriented Co-operative banks. In this second category there are land developments banks which are at three levels. First is the state level, the second is district level, and the third is the village level. Again the Co-operative banking structure in India is divided into five main categories and these categories are: 1. Primary Urban Co-operative Banks. . Primary Agricultural Credit Societies. 3. District Central Co-operative Banks. 4. State Co-operative Banks. 5. Land Development Banks. It is very much clear that co-operative banks have very much importance in national development. Without the help of co-operative banks, millions of people in INDIA would be lacking the much needed financial support. CLASSIFICATION OF COOPERATIVE BANKS Some co-operative banks are s cheduled banks, while others are non-scheduled banks. For instance, SCBs and some UCBs are scheduled banks but other co-operative banks are non-scheduled banks. At present, 28 SCBs and 11 UCBs with Demand and Time Liabilities over Rs 50 crore each included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act. Co-operative Banks are subject to CRR and liquidity requirements as other scheduled and non-scheduled banks are. However, their requirements are less than commercial banks. |Sr. No. |Category of bank |Minimum SLR holding in Government and other approved securities as percentage of Net Demand | | | |and Time Liabilities (NDTL) | |1. Scheduled banks |25% | |2. |Non-Scheduled banks | | | |a) with NDTL of Rs. 25 crore | | | |above   | | | |b) with NDTL of less than Rs. 5 |15% | | |crore | | | | | | | | |10% | Recent Developments Over the years, primary (urban) cooperative banks have registered a significant growth in number, size and volume of business handled.